Questions and Answers
What are the three overall functions of the nervous system?
What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Interneurons receive signals from many neurons and carry out the integrative function by processing, storing, and retrieving information.
The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
False
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the ________ cord.
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The peripheral nervous system consists of only peripheral nerves throughout the body.
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Motor neurons have direct control over smooth muscles.
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The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
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Nerves are formed primarily by glial cells.
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The parasympathetic nervous system speeds up systems.
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The somatic nervous system controls involuntary actions, such as heart beat and digestion.
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The autonomic nervous system has only one set of neurons in the PNS.
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Sensory neurons transmit impulses from the CNS to sensory organs.
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The peripheral nervous system is responsible for integrating sensory information.
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The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into three systems that have opposite effects on the same organs.
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- The Nervous System is the master controlling and communicating system of the body, controlling and coordinating all essential functions of the Human Body.
- It receives information about the environment, controls voluntary and involuntary effectors, stores memories, and is responsible for conscious thought, perception, emotions, and personality.
Functions of the Nervous System
- The Nervous System has three overall functions: sensory, integrative, and motor.
- The sensory function involves detecting changes in the external environment and the environment within the organism.
- The integrative function involves integrating the detected information.
- The motor function involves bringing about a response to the detected information.
Structural Classification of the Nervous System
- The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, acting as the integrating and command centers of the Nervous System.
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord, including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia.
Nervous Tissue
- Nervous tissue cells include neurons, which transmit impulses, and neuroglial cells, which provide support for neurons.
Neuron Types
- Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit information about stimuli to the CNS.
- Interneurons (association neurons) receive signals from many neurons, process, store, and retrieve information, and "make decisions" that determine how the body will respond to stimuli.
- Motor (efferent) neurons send signals to muscles and gland cells.
Grey and White Matter
- Grey matter contains the cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals of neurons, glial cells, and capillaries, and forms the cortex, nuclei, and central portion of the spinal cord.
- White matter is made of axons connecting different parts of grey matter, together with glial cells and capillaries.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
- The brain includes the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem, and spinal cord.
- The spinal cord is the link between the CNS and the rest of the body, receiving sensory information and transmitting motor orders.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS consists of the peripheral nerves throughout the body, ganglia, and sensory organs.
- The PNS includes the motor division, which controls voluntary and involuntary movements, and the sensory division, which transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS.
Motor Division
- The motor division includes the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary actions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating.
- The autonomic nervous system has two sets of neurons: preganglionic neurons, which have cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord, and postganglionic neurons, which have cell bodies in autonomic ganglia.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into the parasympathetic nervous system, which slows down systems, and the sympathetic nervous system, which speeds up systems.
- The parasympathetic nervous system controls internal organs during normal activity, while the sympathetic nervous system controls internal organs during high-stress activity.
Overview of the Nervous System
- The Nervous System is the master controlling and communicating system of the body.
- It controls and coordinates all the essential functions of the Human Body.
- It receives information about the environment, controls voluntary and involuntary effectors, stores memories, and is responsible for conscious thought and perception, emotions, and personality.
Structural Classification of the Nervous System
- The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, which act as the integrating and command centers of the nervous system.
- The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is the part of the Nervous system outside the CNS, consisting mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord.
- The PNS includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia.
Functional Organization of the Nervous System
- The Nervous System has three overall functions: sensory, integrative, and motor.
- Sensory function: sensory receptors detect changes in the external environment and the environment within the organism.
- Integrative function: the central nervous system integrates this information.
- Motor function: effectors (muscles and glands) bring about a response.
Nervous Tissue
- Nervous tissue cells include neurons, which transmit impulses, and neuroglial cells, which act as support for neurons.
- Neuroglial cells are smaller, more abundant, and provide support to neurons.
Neurons
- Types of neurons include sensory (afferent), interneurons (association), and motor (efferent) neurons.
- Sensory neurons detect stimuli and transmit information to the CNS.
- Interneurons lie within the CNS, receive signals from many neurons, and carry out the integrative function.
- Motor neurons send signals out to muscles and gland cells (the effectors).
Gray and White Matter
- The CNS has two kinds of tissue: grey matter and white matter.
- Grey matter contains the cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals of neurons, glial cells, and capillaries, and forms the cortex, nuclei, and central portion of the spinal cord.
- White matter is made of axons connecting different parts of grey matter to each other, along with glial cells and capillaries.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
- The CNS consists of the spinal cord, diencephalon, brain stem, and brain.
- The brain includes the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The PNS consists of peripheral nerves, ganglia, and sensory organs.
- Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body are part of the PNS.
- The PNS has two divisions: motor and sensory.
- The motor division includes somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Motor Division
- The motor division is divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating.
Autonomic Nervous System
- The autonomic nervous system has two sets of neurons in the PNS.
- The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into two systems: parasympathetic and sympathetic.
- The parasympathetic system slows down systems, while the sympathetic system speeds up systems.
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Description
An overview of the human nervous system, its functions and roles in controlling and coordinating the body's essential functions.
