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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of optical illusions in the context of interface design?
What is the purpose of optical illusions in the context of interface design?
Which stage is NOT part of the reading process as described?
Which stage is NOT part of the reading process as described?
In the auditory channel, which component is responsible for transmitting sound waves as vibrations?
In the auditory channel, which component is responsible for transmitting sound waves as vibrations?
Which receptor is responsible for detecting pain in the haptic channel?
Which receptor is responsible for detecting pain in the haptic channel?
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Which of the following is a factor that affects movement time?
Which of the following is a factor that affects movement time?
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What does kinesthesis refer to?
What does kinesthesis refer to?
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What is an effective way to avoid misinterpretation of switch lock status?
What is an effective way to avoid misinterpretation of switch lock status?
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Which quality of sound is determined by the amplitude of the sound wave?
Which quality of sound is determined by the amplitude of the sound wave?
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What is a characteristic of an unreliable logical inference?
What is a characteristic of an unreliable logical inference?
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What does the desktop metaphor in graphical user interfaces represent?
What does the desktop metaphor in graphical user interfaces represent?
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Which of the following describes a slip in problem-solving?
Which of the following describes a slip in problem-solving?
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What is an essential characteristic of effective error messages?
What is an essential characteristic of effective error messages?
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How should documentation be structured for optimal user support?
How should documentation be structured for optimal user support?
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Which channel is primarily used for object size and depth perception in visual processing?
Which channel is primarily used for object size and depth perception in visual processing?
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What are the primary input channels through which humans interact with computers?
What are the primary input channels through which humans interact with computers?
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What is the term used to describe the ability to perceive fine details in objects?
What is the term used to describe the ability to perceive fine details in objects?
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What is the duration of sensory memory after an item is perceived?
What is the duration of sensory memory after an item is perceived?
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What factor can affect the subjective perception of brightness?
What factor can affect the subjective perception of brightness?
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How does the human visual system resolve ambiguity in stimuli?
How does the human visual system resolve ambiguity in stimuli?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory memory?
Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory memory?
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What technique can improve capacity in short-term memory?
What technique can improve capacity in short-term memory?
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Which optical phenomenon can occur due to overcompensation in visual processing?
Which optical phenomenon can occur due to overcompensation in visual processing?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the visual channel in input-output interactions?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the visual channel in input-output interactions?
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Which type of memory has the largest storage capacity?
Which type of memory has the largest storage capacity?
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Which demographic is most likely to experience color blindness?
Which demographic is most likely to experience color blindness?
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How long does echoic memory typically last?
How long does echoic memory typically last?
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What characterizes long-term memory?
What characterizes long-term memory?
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What is a primary function of haptic memory?
What is a primary function of haptic memory?
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Which statement about short-term memory is true?
Which statement about short-term memory is true?
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How does negative affect influence problem solving?
How does negative affect influence problem solving?
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Which design approach can enhance positive affect in users?
Which design approach can enhance positive affect in users?
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What role does stress play in user interaction with systems?
What role does stress play in user interaction with systems?
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Which of the following factors is a long-term individual difference affecting interaction?
Which of the following factors is a long-term individual difference affecting interaction?
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What is a key principle in designing dialogues for users?
What is a key principle in designing dialogues for users?
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What do flexibility and efficiency of use aim to achieve in interactive systems?
What do flexibility and efficiency of use aim to achieve in interactive systems?
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What is a potential implication of understanding human limitations in design?
What is a potential implication of understanding human limitations in design?
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How is information processed within human cognition?
How is information processed within human cognition?
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Study Notes
Human Input-Output Channels
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Visual Channel: Interprets signals based on size, depth, brightness, and color.
- Size and Depth: Visual angle determines the object's perceived size based on distance. Visual acuity, which limits detail perception, increases with luminance.
- Brightness: Subjective reaction to light levels influenced by object luminance. Measured by just noticeable difference (JND).
- Color: Composed of hue, intensity, and saturation. Cones are sensitive to color wavelengths, with blue having the lowest acuity.
- Compensation: The visual system adapts to movement and changes in luminance.
- Optical Illusions: Occur due to overcompensation, resulting in perceived images differing from objective reality. Example illustrations: Ponzo illusion, Mueler Lyer illusion.
- Reading: Involves perceiving visual patterns, decoding using internal language representations, and interpreting based on syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Word shape aids recognition.
- Design Focus: Optical illusions demonstrate the difference between reality and perception. Carefully consider how elements are composed to affect the perceived image.
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Auditory Channel: Provides information about the environment like distances, directions, and objects.
- Physical Apparatus: Outer ear protects and amplifies sound. Middle ear transmits sound waves as vibrations to the inner ear. Inner ear releases chemical transmitters that trigger impulses in the auditory nerve.
- Sound Characteristics: Pitch - sound frequency. Loudness - amplitude. Timbre - type or quality.
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Haptic Channel: Provides vital feedback about the environment, crucial for visually impaired individuals.
- Receptors: Stimuli are received through skin receptors: thermoreceptors for heat/cold, nociceptors for pain, and mechanoreceptors for pressure (some instant, some continuous). Certain areas are more sensitive, e.g., fingers.
- Kinethesis: Awareness of body position affects comfort and performance.
- Movement: Response time is the sum of reaction time and movement time. Movement time is impacted by age, fitness, etc. Skilled operators maintain accuracy despite increased reaction time, unlike unskilled operators.
Memory
- Memory: The ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Information is stored in three stages; Sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Information from short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory through rehearsal.
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Sensory Memory: Transient memory lasting approximately 200-500ms after perception.
- Iconic Memory: Visual stimuli memory, creating mental pictures that quickly fade.
- Echoic Memory: Brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli, lasting 3-4 seconds.
- Haptic Memory: Sensory memory for the sense of touch.
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Short-Term Memory (STM): Temporary storage with:
- Rapid Access: ~70ms.
- Rapid Decay: ~200ms.
- Limited Capacity: Chunking information increases capacity.
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Long-Term Memory (LTM): Repository of all knowledge with:
- Slow Access: ~ 1/10 second.
- Limited Decay:
- Huge Capacity:
- Two Types: Episodic (sequential recall of events) and Semantic (general knowledge).
- Episodic Memory: Can be unreliable and produce logical inferences leading to false explanations.
Thinking and Design
- Desktop Metaphor: A conceptual metaphor used in GUI, treating the monitor like a physical desktop with objects (documents and folders) that can be placed, opened in windows, and interacted with.
- Mental Models: Internal representations of how systems work. Mismatches between mental models and actual systems can lead to errors.
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Error Types:
- Slips: Right intention, but incorrect execution caused by factors like poor physical skills or inattention.
- Mistakes: Wrong intention due to incorrect understanding.
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Design for Problem Solving:
- Help Users Recover from Errors: Error messages should be understandable, specific, and offer solutions.
- Documentation: Provide easy-to-search, task-focused, and concise help documentation with concrete steps.
Emotion
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Affect: The biological response to physical stimuli that influences how we react to situations.
- Positive Affect: Promotes creative problem solving.
- Negative Affect: Can lead to narrow thinking and difficulty with even easy tasks.
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Design Implications:
- Stress: Complicates problem solving.
- Relaxed Users: More forgiving of design flaws.
- Aesthetic and Rewarding Interfaces: Enhance positive affect.
Individual Differences
- Long-Term: Features like sex, physical and intellectual abilities.
- Short-Term: Stress or fatigue.
- Changing: Age.
Design decisions should consider inclusivity for all users.
Overall Summary
- Humans process information from various sensory inputs, particularly sight, hearing, and touch.
- Memory stores this information in transient sensory and short-term memory, and permanently in long-term memory.
- Reasoning and problem solving utilize stored information, and repetition builds skills.
- Human perception and cognition are sophisticated but limited.
- Understanding these limitations and capabilities is essential for designing interactive systems.
- Cognitive psychology principles and models are invaluable tools for interactive system design.
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Description
Explore the mechanisms of human visual perception through this quiz. Learn about how size, depth, brightness, and color are interpreted and the factors affecting visual acuity. Delve into concepts such as optical illusions and their impact on perception, along with reading processes based on visual patterns.
