Human Input-Output Channels: Visual Perception
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Human Input-Output Channels: Visual Perception

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of optical illusions in the context of interface design?

  • They demonstrate the difference between perception and reality. (correct)
  • They enhance the visual appeal of designs.
  • They have no significant impact on user perception.
  • They simplify the composition of geometric shapes.

    • Which stage is NOT part of the reading process as described?

  • Decoded using internal representation
  • Analyzed for emotional impact (correct)
  • Visual pattern perceived
  • Interpreted using knowledge of syntax

    • In the auditory channel, which component is responsible for transmitting sound waves as vibrations?

  • Inner ear
  • Auditory nerve
  • Middle ear (correct)
  • Outer ear

    • Which receptor is responsible for detecting pain in the haptic channel?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that affects movement time?

    <p>User's age and fitness level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does kinesthesis refer to?

    <p>Awareness of body position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective way to avoid misinterpretation of switch lock status?

    <p>Use symbols of locked and unlocked status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quality of sound is determined by the amplitude of the sound wave?

    <p>Loudness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an unreliable logical inference?

    <p>It is described as a form of guessing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the desktop metaphor in graphical user interfaces represent?

    <p>A model that simplifies user interaction with the computer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a slip in problem-solving?

    <p>An error caused by poor physical skills or distraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential characteristic of effective error messages?

    <p>They must indicate the problem clearly and suggest solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should documentation be structured for optimal user support?

    <p>It should be easy to search, focused on tasks, and list clear steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which channel is primarily used for object size and depth perception in visual processing?

    <p>Visual channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary input channels through which humans interact with computers?

    <p>Sight, sound, and touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ability to perceive fine details in objects?

    <p>Visual acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of sensory memory after an item is perceived?

    <p>Approximately 200–500 milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can affect the subjective perception of brightness?

    <p>Luminance of the object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the human visual system resolve ambiguity in stimuli?

    <p>By relying on prior knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory memory?

    <p>Episodic memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique can improve capacity in short-term memory?

    <p>Chunking of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which optical phenomenon can occur due to overcompensation in visual processing?

    <p>Optical illusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the visual channel in input-output interactions?

    <p>It is unaffected by changes in luminance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory has the largest storage capacity?

    <p>Long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is most likely to experience color blindness?

    <p>8% of males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does echoic memory typically last?

    <p>3–4 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes long-term memory?

    <p>Slow access and slow decay, if any</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of haptic memory?

    <p>To perceive touch sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about short-term memory is true?

    <p>Access is rapid, but it experiences rapid decay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does negative affect influence problem solving?

    <p>It narrows thinking and increases difficulty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design approach can enhance positive affect in users?

    <p>Creating aesthetically pleasing and rewarding interfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does stress play in user interaction with systems?

    <p>Stress can increase the difficulty of problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is a long-term individual difference affecting interaction?

    <p>Sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle in designing dialogues for users?

    <p>Avoiding irrelevant information as much as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do flexibility and efficiency of use aim to achieve in interactive systems?

    <p>An adaptable system for both novice and expert users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential implication of understanding human limitations in design?

    <p>It helps in developing systems that support user capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is information processed within human cognition?

    <p>Information is received, stored, manipulated, and reacted to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Input-Output Channels

    • Visual Channel: Interprets signals based on size, depth, brightness, and color.
      • Size and Depth: Visual angle determines the object's perceived size based on distance. Visual acuity, which limits detail perception, increases with luminance.
      • Brightness: Subjective reaction to light levels influenced by object luminance. Measured by just noticeable difference (JND).
      • Color: Composed of hue, intensity, and saturation. Cones are sensitive to color wavelengths, with blue having the lowest acuity.
      • Compensation: The visual system adapts to movement and changes in luminance.
      • Optical Illusions: Occur due to overcompensation, resulting in perceived images differing from objective reality. Example illustrations: Ponzo illusion, Mueler Lyer illusion.
      • Reading: Involves perceiving visual patterns, decoding using internal language representations, and interpreting based on syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Word shape aids recognition.
      • Design Focus: Optical illusions demonstrate the difference between reality and perception. Carefully consider how elements are composed to affect the perceived image.
    • Auditory Channel: Provides information about the environment like distances, directions, and objects.
      • Physical Apparatus: Outer ear protects and amplifies sound. Middle ear transmits sound waves as vibrations to the inner ear. Inner ear releases chemical transmitters that trigger impulses in the auditory nerve.
      • Sound Characteristics: Pitch - sound frequency. Loudness - amplitude. Timbre - type or quality.
    • Haptic Channel: Provides vital feedback about the environment, crucial for visually impaired individuals.
      • Receptors: Stimuli are received through skin receptors: thermoreceptors for heat/cold, nociceptors for pain, and mechanoreceptors for pressure (some instant, some continuous). Certain areas are more sensitive, e.g., fingers.
      • Kinethesis: Awareness of body position affects comfort and performance.
    • Movement: Response time is the sum of reaction time and movement time. Movement time is impacted by age, fitness, etc. Skilled operators maintain accuracy despite increased reaction time, unlike unskilled operators.

    Memory

    • Memory: The ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Information is stored in three stages; Sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Information from short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory through rehearsal.
    • Sensory Memory: Transient memory lasting approximately 200-500ms after perception.
      • Iconic Memory: Visual stimuli memory, creating mental pictures that quickly fade.
      • Echoic Memory: Brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli, lasting 3-4 seconds.
      • Haptic Memory: Sensory memory for the sense of touch.
    • Short-Term Memory (STM): Temporary storage with:
      • Rapid Access: ~70ms.
      • Rapid Decay: ~200ms.
      • Limited Capacity: Chunking information increases capacity.
    • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Repository of all knowledge with:
      • Slow Access: ~ 1/10 second.
      • Limited Decay:
      • Huge Capacity:
      • Two Types: Episodic (sequential recall of events) and Semantic (general knowledge).
      • Episodic Memory: Can be unreliable and produce logical inferences leading to false explanations.

    Thinking and Design

    • Desktop Metaphor: A conceptual metaphor used in GUI, treating the monitor like a physical desktop with objects (documents and folders) that can be placed, opened in windows, and interacted with.
    • Mental Models: Internal representations of how systems work. Mismatches between mental models and actual systems can lead to errors.
    • Error Types:
      • Slips: Right intention, but incorrect execution caused by factors like poor physical skills or inattention.
      • Mistakes: Wrong intention due to incorrect understanding.
    • Design for Problem Solving:
      • Help Users Recover from Errors: Error messages should be understandable, specific, and offer solutions.
      • Documentation: Provide easy-to-search, task-focused, and concise help documentation with concrete steps.

    Emotion

    • Affect: The biological response to physical stimuli that influences how we react to situations.
      • Positive Affect: Promotes creative problem solving.
      • Negative Affect: Can lead to narrow thinking and difficulty with even easy tasks.
    • Design Implications:
      • Stress: Complicates problem solving.
      • Relaxed Users: More forgiving of design flaws.
      • Aesthetic and Rewarding Interfaces: Enhance positive affect.

    Individual Differences

    • Long-Term: Features like sex, physical and intellectual abilities.
    • Short-Term: Stress or fatigue.
    • Changing: Age.

    Design decisions should consider inclusivity for all users.

    Overall Summary

    • Humans process information from various sensory inputs, particularly sight, hearing, and touch.
    • Memory stores this information in transient sensory and short-term memory, and permanently in long-term memory.
    • Reasoning and problem solving utilize stored information, and repetition builds skills.
    • Human perception and cognition are sophisticated but limited.
    • Understanding these limitations and capabilities is essential for designing interactive systems.
    • Cognitive psychology principles and models are invaluable tools for interactive system design.

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    Lecture Note Topic 2.pptx

    Description

    Explore the mechanisms of human visual perception through this quiz. Learn about how size, depth, brightness, and color are interpreted and the factors affecting visual acuity. Delve into concepts such as optical illusions and their impact on perception, along with reading processes based on visual patterns.

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