Questions and Answers
What weakens the immune system?
The spleen removes old white blood cells.
False
What is the function of phagocytes?
To destroy pathogens
Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is an example of a ______________________ barrier.
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What is the first line of defense against pathogens?
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Eosinophils are the first type of leukocyte to arrive at the site of inflammation.
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What is the function of mast cells during inflammation?
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The process of leukocytes moving through the vessel wall to the site of inflammation is called ______________________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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A high ESR reading is always indicative of an acute infection.
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What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
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Mycoplasma is a type of virus.
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What is the function of neutrophils during inflammation?
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The process of leukocytes moving through the vessel wall to the site of inflammation is called ______________________.
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Match the following types of leukocytes with their order of arrival at the site of inflammation:
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What is the function of macrophages during inflammation?
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A high ESR reading is always indicative of an acute infection.
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What is the function of mast cells during inflammation?
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The ______________________ stage of inflammation occurs due to chemical mediators released by mast cells.
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What is the function of the spleen in the immune system?
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What is the primary function of the immune system?
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Rickettsia are a type of virus.
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What is the role of neutrophils during inflammation?
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The inflammatory response involves the release of _______________ proteins.
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What is the primary function of mast cells during inflammation?
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A high ESR reading is always indicative of chronic inflammation.
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What is the role of macrophages during inflammation?
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Match the following leukocytes with their order of arrival at the site of inflammation:
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Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is an example of a _______________ barrier.
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What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
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What is a type of pathogen that can cause malaria and giardiasis?
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Autoimmune diseases can weaken the immune system.
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What is the primary function of the spleen in the immune system?
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Hydrochloric acid in the stomach is an example of a _______________ barrier.
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Match the following leukocytes with their order of arrival at the site of inflammation:
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What is the primary function of the inflammatory response?
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Chlamydia is a type of virus.
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What is the function of histamine during inflammation?
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The process of leukocytes moving through the vessel wall to the site of inflammation is called _______________.
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What is the normal range for ESR?
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Study Notes
Factors Affecting the Immune System
- Factors that weaken the immune system: alcohol, smoking, poor diet, autoimmune diseases
- Factors that strengthen the immune system: regulated glucose levels, hydration, adequate sleep, managed stress levels
Jobs of the Immune System
- Defends the body against pathogens, including:
- Bacteria (Spirochetes, Mycoplasma): syphilis, Lyme disease, pneumonia, TB
- Viruses
- Rickettsia (RMSP) and Fungi: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Protozoa (parasites): malaria, giardiasis
- Helminths (worms)
- Arthropods: mites, scabies
- Removes worn out cells and debris, including:
- Spleen removing old RBC (120 days)
- Identifies and destroys abnormal cells, including:
- Mutated cells, cancer cells
Mechanism of Defense
First Line of Defense
- Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Non-specific
- Innate
- Examples: hydrochloric acid (HCL), esophagus (able to cough out germs)
Second Line of Defense
- Inflammatory Response (-itis)
- Non-specific and Innate
- Immediate and local
- Uses antimicrobial proteins
- Phagocytes to destroy
Acute Inflammatory Response
- Vascular Stage:
- Occurs due to chemical mediators from mast cells
- Mast cells release chemokine cells, which attract cells to site of inflammation
- Histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are also released, causing:
- Vasodilation and increased permeability
- Fluid loss and swelling
- Cellular Stage:
- Emigration of leukocytes to the area
- Neutrophils roll along the sides of the dilated walls (margination)
- Neutrophils are stopped by adhesion
- Then pushed through endothelium of vessel wall (transmigration)
- Chemotaxis attracts neutrophils to the inflamed site
- Neutrophils arrive first, followed by monocytes, eosinophils, and NKC
- Leukocytes are activated
- Phagocytosis:
- Neutrophils and monocytes
- Neutrophils kill pathogens and then die
- Monocytes specialize into macrophages, which remove pathogens, debris, and dead neutrophils
Inflammatory Labs
- ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
- Normal: 0-10
- Elevates within 24 hours due to:
- Chronic inflammation
- Immune diseases
- Aging (15 normal)
- Acute infection
- CRP (C-reactive protein)
- Normal: [not specified]
Factors Affecting the Immune System
- Factors that weaken the immune system: alcohol, smoking, poor diet, autoimmune diseases
- Factors that strengthen the immune system: regulated glucose levels, hydration, adequate sleep, managed stress levels
Jobs of the Immune System
- Defends the body against pathogens, including:
- Bacteria (Spirochetes, Mycoplasma): syphilis, Lyme disease, pneumonia, TB
- Viruses
- Rickettsia (RMSP) and Fungi: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Protozoa (parasites): malaria, giardiasis
- Helminths (worms)
- Arthropods: mites, scabies
- Removes worn out cells and debris, including:
- Spleen removing old RBC (120 days)
- Identifies and destroys abnormal cells, including:
- Mutated cells, cancer cells
Mechanism of Defense
First Line of Defense
- Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Non-specific
- Innate
- Examples: hydrochloric acid (HCL), esophagus (able to cough out germs)
Second Line of Defense
- Inflammatory Response (-itis)
- Non-specific and Innate
- Immediate and local
- Uses antimicrobial proteins
- Phagocytes to destroy
Acute Inflammatory Response
- Vascular Stage:
- Occurs due to chemical mediators from mast cells
- Mast cells release chemokine cells, which attract cells to site of inflammation
- Histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are also released, causing:
- Vasodilation and increased permeability
- Fluid loss and swelling
- Cellular Stage:
- Emigration of leukocytes to the area
- Neutrophils roll along the sides of the dilated walls (margination)
- Neutrophils are stopped by adhesion
- Then pushed through endothelium of vessel wall (transmigration)
- Chemotaxis attracts neutrophils to the inflamed site
- Neutrophils arrive first, followed by monocytes, eosinophils, and NKC
- Leukocytes are activated
- Phagocytosis:
- Neutrophils and monocytes
- Neutrophils kill pathogens and then die
- Monocytes specialize into macrophages, which remove pathogens, debris, and dead neutrophils
Inflammatory Labs
- ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
- Normal: 0-10
- Elevates within 24 hours due to:
- Chronic inflammation
- Immune diseases
- Aging (15 normal)
- Acute infection
- CRP (C-reactive protein)
- Normal: [not specified]
Factors Affecting the Immune System
- Factors that weaken the immune system: alcohol, smoking, poor diet, autoimmune diseases
- Factors that strengthen the immune system: regulated glucose levels, hydration, adequate sleep, managed stress levels
Jobs of the Immune System
- Defends the body against pathogens, including:
- Bacteria (Spirochetes, Mycoplasma): syphilis, Lyme disease, pneumonia, TB
- Viruses
- Rickettsia (RMSP) and Fungi: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Protozoa (parasites): malaria, giardiasis
- Helminths (worms)
- Arthropods: mites, scabies
- Removes worn out cells and debris, including:
- Spleen removing old RBC (120 days)
- Identifies and destroys abnormal cells, including:
- Mutated cells, cancer cells
Mechanism of Defense
First Line of Defense
- Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Non-specific
- Innate
- Examples: hydrochloric acid (HCL), esophagus (able to cough out germs)
Second Line of Defense
- Inflammatory Response (-itis)
- Non-specific and Innate
- Immediate and local
- Uses antimicrobial proteins
- Phagocytes to destroy
Acute Inflammatory Response
- Vascular Stage:
- Occurs due to chemical mediators from mast cells
- Mast cells release chemokine cells, which attract cells to site of inflammation
- Histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are also released, causing:
- Vasodilation and increased permeability
- Fluid loss and swelling
- Cellular Stage:
- Emigration of leukocytes to the area
- Neutrophils roll along the sides of the dilated walls (margination)
- Neutrophils are stopped by adhesion
- Then pushed through endothelium of vessel wall (transmigration)
- Chemotaxis attracts neutrophils to the inflamed site
- Neutrophils arrive first, followed by monocytes, eosinophils, and NKC
- Leukocytes are activated
- Phagocytosis:
- Neutrophils and monocytes
- Neutrophils kill pathogens and then die
- Monocytes specialize into macrophages, which remove pathogens, debris, and dead neutrophils
Inflammatory Labs
- ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
- Normal: 0-10
- Elevates within 24 hours due to:
- Chronic inflammation
- Immune diseases
- Aging (15 normal)
- Acute infection
- CRP (C-reactive protein)
- Normal: [not specified]
Factors Affecting the Immune System
- Factors that weaken the immune system: alcohol, smoking, poor diet, autoimmune diseases
- Factors that strengthen the immune system: regulated glucose levels, hydration, adequate sleep, managed stress levels
Jobs of the Immune System
- Defends the body against pathogens, including:
- Bacteria (Spirochetes, Mycoplasma): syphilis, Lyme disease, pneumonia, TB
- Viruses
- Rickettsia (RMSP) and Fungi: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Protozoa (parasites): malaria, giardiasis
- Helminths (worms)
- Arthropods: mites, scabies
- Removes worn out cells and debris, including:
- Spleen removing old RBC (120 days)
- Identifies and destroys abnormal cells, including:
- Mutated cells, cancer cells
Mechanism of Defense
First Line of Defense
- Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Non-specific
- Innate
- Examples: hydrochloric acid (HCL), esophagus (able to cough out germs)
Second Line of Defense
- Inflammatory Response (-itis)
- Non-specific and Innate
- Immediate and local
- Uses antimicrobial proteins
- Phagocytes to destroy
Acute Inflammatory Response
- Vascular Stage:
- Occurs due to chemical mediators from mast cells
- Mast cells release chemokine cells, which attract cells to site of inflammation
- Histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are also released, causing:
- Vasodilation and increased permeability
- Fluid loss and swelling
- Cellular Stage:
- Emigration of leukocytes to the area
- Neutrophils roll along the sides of the dilated walls (margination)
- Neutrophils are stopped by adhesion
- Then pushed through endothelium of vessel wall (transmigration)
- Chemotaxis attracts neutrophils to the inflamed site
- Neutrophils arrive first, followed by monocytes, eosinophils, and NKC
- Leukocytes are activated
- Phagocytosis:
- Neutrophils and monocytes
- Neutrophils kill pathogens and then die
- Monocytes specialize into macrophages, which remove pathogens, debris, and dead neutrophils
Inflammatory Labs
- ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
- Normal: 0-10
- Elevates within 24 hours due to:
- Chronic inflammation
- Immune diseases
- Aging (15 normal)
- Acute infection
- CRP (C-reactive protein)
- Normal: [not specified]
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Description
This quiz covers the factors that weaken and strengthen the immune system, as well as the jobs of the immune system in defending the body against various pathogens.
