Human Hormone Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the secretion of testosterone in males?

  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • Luteinizing Hormone (correct)

Which of the following changes is associated with estrogen during puberty in females?

  • Widening of pelvis (correct)
  • Increased aggression
  • Increased hair growth on back
  • Increased size of penis

What is the primary role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in males?

  • Blood sugar regulation
  • Breast development
  • Sperm development (correct)
  • Muscle growth

Which condition is characterized by the pancreas' failure to produce insulin due to autoimmune destruction?

<p>Type I Diabetes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a function of testosterone in males?

<p>Breast development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glucagon in blood sugar regulation?

<p>Raises blood sugar levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily responsible for the thickening of the uterus in preparation for potential pregnancy?

<p>Progesterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the ovaries and is essential for facilitating ovulation?

<p>Estrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones can easily cross the cell membrane?

<p>Steroid hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>Low concentration of water in blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for uterine contractions during labor?

<p>Oxytocin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of non-steroid hormones on target cells?

<p>Activate second messengers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in relation to the kidneys?

<p>Promote retention of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates milk production in the breasts after childbirth?

<p>Prolactin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do steroid hormones elicit a response in target cells?

<p>By entering the cell and binding to internal receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood?

<p>Gigantism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>Regulates water retention in kidneys (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormones act faster in the body?

<p>Non-steroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What usually causes acromegaly in adults?

<p>Tumor of the pituitary gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxytocin play in the breastfeeding process?

<p>Triggers milk ejection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone's release is inhibited by high levels of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?

<p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of steroid hormones in the body?

<p>Cholesterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in relation to blood pressure?

<p>Increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hyposecretion of growth hormone in children?

<p>Pituitary dwarfism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does obesity have on the risk of type II diabetes?

<p>Increases risk by up to 93% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells in uncontrolled diabetes when they lack glucose?

<p>They convert fats and proteins into energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a severe consequence of metabolic acidosis caused by uncontrolled diabetes?

<p>Increased brain confusion and tiredness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following health problems is NOT associated with uncontrolled diabetes?

<p>Inflammatory bowel disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if too much insulin is injected or injected when blood sugar is low?

<p>Unconsciousness due to hypoglycemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play in the body?

<p>Stimulates calcium removal from bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the secretion of calcitonin from the thyroid gland indicate?

<p>Increased blood calcium levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended practice for managing diabetes?

<p>Monitor blood glucose levels regularly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secreted by the ovaries is primarily involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Progesterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in males?

<p>Testosterone secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does Estrogen have on the body during puberty in females?

<p>Bone lengthening and widening of the pelvis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the hormone insulin?

<p>Decrease blood sugar levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of diabetes mellitus does the immune system target and destroy beta cells in the pancreas?

<p>Type I diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) play in males?

<p>Promotes sperm maturity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes are associated with increased testosterone production during puberty in males?

<p>Increased muscle growth and hairiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does glucagon function in maintaining blood sugar levels?

<p>Stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the neurons in the hypothalamus?

<p>Low concentration of water in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the kidneys to retain more water?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone during adulthood?

<p>Acromegaly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on blood pressure?

<p>It increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does prolactin play in postpartum lactation?

<p>Triggers milk production in the breasts after childbirth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of hyposecretion of growth hormone in children?

<p>Dwarfism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily stimulates the release of prolactin after childbirth?

<p>The direct contact of the baby with the mother's breast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of high blood glucose levels in diabetes?

<p>Excretion of glucose in urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health problems can be caused by damage to blood vessels due to uncontrolled diabetes?

<p>Blindness and heart attack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication arises from the production of ketones due to fat metabolism in uncontrolled diabetes?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about insulin injection in diabetes management?

<p>Excess insulin can result in loss of consciousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does parathyroid hormone (PTH) play in calcium regulation?

<p>It raises blood calcium levels by removing calcium from bones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels?

<p>It lowers blood calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should individuals with diabetes do to monitor their health?

<p>Check their toes daily for feeling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes steroid hormones from non-steroid hormones?

<p>They are lipid soluble and can cross the cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oxytocin is incorrect?

<p>It is released from the anterior pituitary gland. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of energy utilization in uncontrolled diabetes, what happens to cells lacking glucose?

<p>They begin to utilize proteins and fats for energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do non-steroid hormones primarily exert their effects on target cells?

<p>By activating existing proteins via second messengers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is typically associated with steroid hormones compared to non-steroid hormones?

<p>Steroid hormones require protein synthesis to enact changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in hormone release?

<p>It regulates the release of hormones into the posterior pituitary gland. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change does oxytocin induce in response to infant nursing?

<p>Contraction of milk-producing lobules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the release mechanism of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

<p>It is secreted directly into the bloodstream from the posterior pituitary gland. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones can be classified as a non-steroid hormone?

<p>Adrenaline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hormones

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, influencing various bodily functions.

Steroid Hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones (made from cholesterol) that can cross cell membranes and act on receptors within the cell.

Non-Steroid Hormones

Fat-insoluble hormones (made from amino acids) that act on cell membrane receptors, triggering intracellular responses.

Oxytocin

A hormone influencing contractions in the uterus (during childbirth) and social bonding.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone, also known as Vasopressin, regulating water balance by influencing kidney function.

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Endocrine Glands

Organs that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream.

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Target Cells

Cells that have specific receptors for a particular hormone, enabling it to exert its effect.

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Hormone Receptors

Proteins on the surface or inside of target cells that hormones bind to triggering a response.

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ADH Function 1

ADH causes the kidneys to retain more water when the body's water concentration is low.

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ADH Function 2

ADH constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure when it's low.

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Prolactin

A hormone that stimulates milk production in the breasts.

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Prolactin Regulation

Prolactin is inhibited by estrogen and progesterone, but after childbirth, those levels drop, allowing prolactin to take effect.

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Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone with widespread effects, primarily impacting bone and muscle growth and development.

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Gigantism

A condition caused by excess growth hormone secretion, leading to extreme height.

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Acromegaly

A condition from too much growth hormone in adulthood, leading to unusual growth of bones, tissues, etc.

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LH & FSH in Puberty

The release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland marks the onset of puberty, triggering the production of sex hormones in both males and females.

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FSH & LH in Females

FSH stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen, while LH triggers ovulation and progesterone production by the ovaries.

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FSH & LH in Males

FSH supports sperm development in the testes, while LH stimulates testosterone production.

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Testosterone's Role

Testosterone, produced by the testes, is responsible for various male characteristics like sperm production, penis and testes growth, muscle development, and increased hairiness.

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Estrogen's Role

Estrogen, produced by the ovaries, influences feminine features like breast development, widening of the pelvis, and fat redistribution.

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Progesterone's Role

Progesterone, also produced by the ovaries, plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, including ovulation, and in the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.

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Glucagon's Function

Glucagon, secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas, increases blood sugar levels by converting stored glycogen to glucose, particularly when blood sugar is low.

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Insulin's Function

Insulin, produced by beta cells in the pancreas, decreases blood sugar levels by helping glucose enter cells for energy or storage as glycogen and fat after meals.

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Type II Diabetes Risk

Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing type II diabetes, with an estimated 93% higher risk for obese individuals.

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Diabetes Symptom: Frequent Urination

High blood glucose levels lead to excess glucose being excreted in urine, causing increased urination and dehydration.

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Diabetes Symptom: Fatigue

Despite high blood glucose levels, cells cannot absorb it properly, leading to energy deficiency, fatigue, and muscle weakness.

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Diabetes Symptom: Weight Loss

When cells lack glucose, they turn to proteins and fats for energy, resulting in unintended weight loss despite high food intake.

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Uncontrolled Diabetes: Acidosis

The body breaks down fat for energy, producing acidic ketones, leading to a dangerous condition called metabolic acidosis.

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Uncontrolled Diabetes: Blood Vessel Damage

High blood glucose levels damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of complications like blindness, strokes, heart attacks, and kidney failure.

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Insulin Injection Complications: Hypoglycemia

Injecting too much insulin or taking it when blood sugar is already low leads to dangerously low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

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Managing Diabetes: Exercise

Regular physical activity helps regulate blood sugar by increasing muscle glucose absorption without insulin.

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What are hormones?

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, released into the bloodstream to target specific cells and influence their function. They act as signals to regulate various processes in the body.

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Steroid hormone action

Steroid hormones, made from cholesterol, can cross cell membranes and bind to receptors inside target cells. This triggers a slower response as new proteins must be produced.

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Non-steroid hormone action

Non-steroid hormones, made from amino acids, cannot cross cell membranes. They bind to receptors on the cell surface, activating second messengers that activate working enzymes inside the cell, resulting in a faster action.

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Oxytocin: Function 1

Oxytocin causes contractions of uterine smooth muscle during labor, aiding in childbirth.

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Oxytocin: Function 2

Oxytocin release promotes bonding and affectionate behavior, like cuddles, and triggers feelings of warmth and happiness.

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Oxytocin: Function 3

Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands during breastfeeding.

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ADH function: Water balance

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or Vasopressin, causes the kidneys to retain more water in the body when water concentration is low.

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ADH function: Blood pressure

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can constrict blood vessels to increase blood pressure when it's low.

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ADH and Blood Pressure

When blood pressure is low, ADH is released. It causes certain blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure. This is why it's also called vasopressin.

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Anterior Pituitary Hormones

The anterior pituitary gland, under the control of the hypothalamus, produces several important hormones, including prolactin, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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Prolactin's Role

Prolactin is a hormone that stimulates milk production in the breasts. It's usually suppressed by estrogen and progesterone, but after childbirth, these levels drop, allowing prolactin to do its job.

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Growth Hormone: What it Does

Growth hormone (GH) has wide-ranging effects on the body, but it's especially important for bone and muscle growth.

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Gigantism: Too Much Growth Hormone

When a person produces excessive growth hormone, it can lead to gigantism, causing them to become abnormally tall.

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Acromegaly: Growth Hormone Excess in Adults

If there's excess growth hormone secretion in adulthood, it can cause acromegaly, where bones and connective tissues in hands, feet, and face enlarge abnormally.

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Pituitary Dwarfism

Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood can result in pituitary dwarfism, a condition where growth is stunted.

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Puberty Trigger

The maturation of neurons in the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH for the first time, marking the start of puberty.

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LH/FSH in Females

LH and FSH, released from the anterior pituitary, influence estrogen and progesterone production in the ovaries.

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LH/FSH in Males

LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary regulate testosterone production and sperm development in the testes.

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Testosterone's Effects

Testosterone, a male hormone, plays a key role in sperm development, growth of the penis and testes, increased muscle mass, hair growth, deeper voice, and male sexual drive.

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Estrogen's Effects

Estrogen, a female hormone, influences female characteristics like breast development, widening of the pelvis, and fat redistribution to hips and breasts.

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Glucagon's Role

Glucagon, produced by alpha cells in the pancreas, raises blood sugar levels when they are low, converting stored glycogen into glucose.

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Insulin's Role

Insulin, produced by beta cells in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar levels after meals, helping glucose enter cells for energy or storage.

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Diabetes Types

Type I diabetes is caused by the immune system attacking beta cells, leading to an inability to produce insulin. Type II diabetes develops when cells become resistant to insulin, eventually affecting insulin production.

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Diabetes and Blood Glucose

High blood glucose levels in diabetes lead to glucose being excreted in urine, causing frequent urination and dehydration.

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Diabetes and Fatigue

Despite high blood sugar, cells cannot absorb it properly in diabetes, leading to energy deficiency, fatigue, and muscle weakness.

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Diabetes and Weight Loss

When cells lack glucose in diabetes, they turn to proteins and fats for energy, causing unintended weight loss.

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Hypoglycemia

Injecting too much insulin or taking it when blood sugar is already low leads to dangerously low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

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Diabetes Management: Exercise

Regular physical activity helps regulate blood sugar in diabetes by increasing muscle absorption of glucose without insulin.

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Parathyroid Hormone Function

Low blood calcium levels trigger the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases calcium absorption from the gut, removes calcium from bones and promotes calcium retention by the kidneys.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System

  • Hormones are molecules acting as messages between body parts.
  • Hormones are produced in endocrine glands.
  • Hormones circulate in the blood, reaching all cells.
  • Hormones only affect target cells with specific protein receptors.

Steroid Hormones

  • Lipid soluble, derived from cholesterol.
  • Cross cell membranes easily.
  • Bind to receptors within target cells.
  • Action is slower, requiring new protein synthesis.
  • Examples: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.

Steroid Hormone Action

  • Steroid hormone diffuses into target cell.
  • Binds to receptor protein inside target cell.
  • Hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus.
  • Hormone-receptor complex activates genes.
  • Activation leads to protein synthesis.
  • New protein alters cell activity.

Non-Steroid Hormones

  • Fat insoluble, derived from amino acids.
  • Cannot cross cell membranes.
  • Bind to receptors on cell membranes of target cells.
  • Trigger second messengers within target cells.
  • Second messengers activate enzymes within cells.
  • Action is quicker than steroid hormones.
  • Examples: glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine.

Non-Steroid Hormone Action

  • Non-steroid hormone binds to receptor on target cell membrane.
  • Binding activates a second messenger, often cyclic AMP (cAMP).
  • cAMP activates enzymes.
  • Enzymes cause changes within target cell, inducing cell activity.

Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary Gland

  • The hypothalamus releases hormones into the posterior pituitary.
  • Oxytocin: causes uterus contractions during childbirth; triggers affection and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin): causes kidneys to retain more water; raises blood pressure.

Anterior Pituitary Gland

  • Hypothalamus triggers the anterior pituitary to produce several hormones.
  • Prolactin: stimulates milk production.
  • Growth hormone: promotes protein synthesis and cell division.
  • Affects bone and muscle growth through chondroblasts.
  • Pituitary dwarfism: insufficient growth hormone.
  • Gigantism: excess growth hormone causing excess growth during childhood.
  • Acromegaly: excess growth hormone during adulthood causing enlarged bones and soft tissues.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) / Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

  • Maturation of neurons in hypothalamus triggers LH and FSH production.
  • LH and FSH trigger puberty.
  • FSH/LH in females stimulate estrogen/progesterone secretion by ovaries.
  • FSH/LH in males stimulate testosterone secretion in testes.
  • FSH is essential for sperm development.
  • LH plays a role in testosterone production.

Testosterone and Puberty

  • Testosterone, a steroid hormone, causes: increased sperm production, penis/testis growth, bone lengthening, muscle growth, hairiness, enlarged larynx, increased male sex drive and aggression.

Estrogen, Progesterone and Puberty

  • Estrogen, a steroid hormone, causes: long bone growth, widening pelvis, redistribution of fat to hips and breasts.
  • Progesterone, a steroid hormone, is crucial for the menstrual cycle, including ovulation, and maintaining a thickened uterus during pregnancy.
  • Minute amounts of testosterone-like hormones are secreted by adrenal glands in women. These hormones have limited effects on women as men already have significant testosterone levels.

Pancreas: Endocrine Homeostasis

  • Alpha cells in the pancreas produce glucagon.
  • Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by converting glycogen to glucose, converting amino acids to glucose, and releasing fatty acids from triglycerides.
  • Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin to decrease blood sugar.
  • Insulin allows glucose to enter liver, muscles and adipose tissues and to turn it to glycogen and fat.

Diabetes Mellitus

  • Type I Diabetes: insufficient insulin production, autoimmune disease.
  • Type II Diabetes: insulin resistant cells, often related to obesity.
  • Signs of Diabetes: high blood sugar, frequent urination, thirst, fatigue, and blurred vision; glucose in the urine.

Uncontrolled Diabetes: Health Problems

  • Uncontrolled diabetes causes ketone production.
  • Metabolic acidosis can occur (low blood pH)
  • Can lead to confusion, tiredness, or death.
  • Can damage blood vessels, leading to conditions like blindness, stroke, heart attack, kidney failure, reduced circulation, gangrene, and amputation.
  • Poor blood circulation can lead to lack of feeling in the extremities and cause wounds that do not heal properly.

Controlling Diabetes

  • Monitoring blood sugar regularly to ensure levels are neither too high nor too low.
  • Type I diabetics require daily insulin injections, while some Type II diabetics may also need insulin.
  • Avoiding sugar-heavy foods is crucial for effective blood sugar control.
  • Exercise can help control blood sugar without requiring insulin.
  • Checking toes regularly for any sign of abnormalities is important.

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

  • Thyroid and parathyroid glands release calcitonin and parathyroid hormone.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

  • Released to increase blood calcium levels.
  • Removes calcium from bone (stimulates osteoclasts).
  • Increases absorption in digestive tract (activates Vitamin D).
  • Increases kidney retention of calcium.

Calcitonin

  • Released to decrease blood calcium levels.
  • Adds calcium to bone (stimulates osteoblasts).
  • Decreases calcium absorption in digestive tract.
  • Decreases calcium retention in kidneys.

Erythropoietin

  • Stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow.

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

  • Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, blood flow to skeletal muscles (fight or flight response).
  • Released by adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

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Description

Test your knowledge on hormone functions in the human body with this quiz. Answer questions about the roles of various hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and FSH in males and females. Explore how these hormones impact physical changes during puberty and other physiological processes.

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