Human Histology: Muscular Tissue

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Questions and Answers

[Blank] tissue is composed of contractile cells and facilitates movement.

Muscle

[Blank] muscle cells are characterized by cross-striations observable at the light microscope level.

Striated

[Blank] muscle is responsible for movement of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

Skeletal

The cytoplasm of muscle cells is referred to as ______.

<p>sarcoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the muscles is known as ______ reticulum.

<p>sarcoplasmic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of ______ is a function of muscle that involves the movement of the body.

<p>movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is a function of the muscle that maintains body positioning.

<p>Maintenance of posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is a function of the muscle that provides the ability to produce exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

<p>respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of the muscle that allows muscles to generate heat is called ______.

<p>Body heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of the muscle that provides expression, writing and gestures is called ______.

<p>communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of the muscle that is controlled by smooth muscle action on vessels and organs is called the ______.

<p>constriction of organs and vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

The function of muscle to pump blood through the body is called ______.

<p>Contraction of heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is a property of the muscle defined as the ability to contract.

<p>Contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is a property of muscle tissue referring to the ability to respond to stimuli.

<p>Excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is a property of muscle tissue referring to that is can be stretched.

<p>Extensibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] is a property of muscle tissue referring to the ability to return to original shape.

<p>Elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

A skeletal ______ is comprised of muscle cells that are long and multinucleated.

<p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thick dense irregular connective tissue surrounding each skeletal muscle is called ______.

<p>epimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Thin connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers termed fascicle is the ______.

<p>perimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Very thin reticular fibers surrounding individual muscle fiber is called ______.

<p>endomysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The triad of the skeletal muscle fiber consists of a transverse tubule plus two terminal ______.

<p>cisternae</p> Signup and view all the answers

A repeating functional unit of a myofibril is a ______.

<p>sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myofibrils show transverse striations of alternating light and dark ______.

<p>bands</p> Signup and view all the answers

The region of a myofibril that spans two Z-lines is a ______.

<p>sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

The myofilaments that compose the sarcomere are composed of ______ and thin myofilaments.

<p>thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] myofilaments contain myosin

<p>Thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] and troponin are associated regulatory proteins in the myofilaments.

<p>Tropomyosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Globular actin contains receptor sites for ______ head.

<p>myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] covers the active sites on the G actin subunits is relaxed muscle.

<p>Tropomyosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] binds to calcium in striated muscle.

<p>Troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Three muscle fiber components that respond and transmit electrical signals are sarcolemma transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic ______

<p>reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] are two structures in muscle fiber responsible for contraction.

<p>Myofibril and myofilament</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nerve impulse triggers release of ______ from the synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft.

<p>ACh</p> Signup and view all the answers

As the muscle impulse spreads quickly from the sarcolemma T tubules, ______ ions are released from terminal cisternae into the sarcoplasm

<p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcium ions bind to ______, troponin changes shape, moving tropomyosin on the actin to expose active sites on actin molecules of thin filaments.

<p>troponin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myosin heads pivot, moving thin filaments toward the ______ center

<p>sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

Postural muscles of the back are ______ oxidative fibers.

<p>slow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaerobic glycolysis is the major fuel source of ______ fibers

<p>fast glycolytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

[Blank] of the muscle refers to its properties of movement

<p>Function</p> Signup and view all the answers

The capacity of muscle tissue that allows it to return to its original length after being stretched is known as ______.

<p>elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers, known as a fascicle is called the ______.

<p>perimysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within a muscle fiber, the ______ is the region of a myofibril that spans between two Z-lines, crucial for muscle contraction.

<p>sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

In skeletal muscle, the impulse spreads quickly from the sarcolemma along ______, calcium ions are released from terminal cisternae into the sarcoplasm.

<p>T tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

The property of muscle tissue that allows it to shorten and generate force is known as ______.

<p>contractility</p> Signup and view all the answers

The muscle fiber component, containing sarcolemma, transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, is known as the ______ component of muscle contraction.

<p>electrical</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ muscle tissue is further sub classified into skeletal, visceral striated, and cardiac based on location.

<p>striated</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cytoplasm of muscle cells is specifically referred to as ______, which contains organelles, enzymes, and other cellular components necessary for muscle function.

<p>sarcoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ is a thin connective tissue layer that directly surrounds individual muscle fibers, providing support and facilitating nutrient exchange.

<p>endomysium</p> Signup and view all the answers

In skeletal muscle fibers, transverse striations are due to alternating ______ and dark bands, which reflect the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.

<p>light</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Muscle Tissue

Tissue made of contractile cells, responsible for movement.

Striated Muscle

Muscle tissue type that shows cross-striations under a light microscope.

Smooth Muscle

Muscle tissue type lacking cross-striations.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated muscle for movement of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

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Visceral Striated Muscle

Striated muscle within soft tissues, for speech, breathing, and swallowing.

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Cardiac Muscle

Type of striated muscle found in the heart wall and base of large veins.

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Muscle Fibers

Muscle cells are also called...

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Sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell.

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Sarcolemma

The cell membrane of a muscle cell.

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Sarcosomes

The mitochondria of muscle cells.

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Contractility

The capacity to contract or shorten forcefully, generating tension.

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Excitability

The muscle's ability to be stimulated by a nerve or hormone.

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Extensibility

The ability of muscle to be stretched or extended.

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Elasticity

The ability to return to its original length after stretching

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Long and multinucleated

A skeletal muscle is composed of muscle cells that are?

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Epimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds each skeletal muscle.

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Perimysium

Connective tissue that surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle).

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Endomysium

Very thin reticular fibers surrounding individual muscle fibers.

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Sarcomeres

Repeating units of myofibrils

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Sarcomere

Region of a myofibril that spans two Z-lines.

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Tropomyosin and Troponin

Regulatory proteins in thin myofilaments.

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Sarcolemma, Transverse Tubules, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Electrical component of muscle contraction

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Myofibril and Myofilament

Mechanical component of muscle contraction

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Study Notes

  • Unit 3 focuses on muscular tissue
  • This lecture is for Human Histology (MT120225) for the second semester of the academic year 2024-2025
  • Muscle Tissue = contractile cells responsible for movement
  • Muscle cells originate from the mesoderm

Classification of Muscles (Appearance)

  • Striated Muscles: Exhibit cross-striations visible via light microscopy
  • Smooth Muscles: Lacks cross-striations

Classification of Striated Muscles (Location)

  • Skeletal Muscles: Facilitate movement of the axial and appendicular skeleton
  • Visceral Striated Muscles: Confined to soft tissues and involved in speech, breathing, and swallowing
  • Cardiac Muscles: Found in the heart wall and the base of large veins entering the heart

Muscle Tissue Terminology

  • Muscle Cells = Fibers
  • Cytoplasm = Sarcoplasm
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum = Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
  • Cell Membrane = Sarcolemma
  • Mitochondria = Sarcosomes

Muscle Functions

  • Movement of Body
  • Maintenance of Posture
  • Respiration
  • Production of Body Heat
  • Communication
  • Constriction of Organs and Vessels
  • Contraction of the Heart

Properties of Muscle Tissue

  • Contractility
  • Excitability
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity

Skeletal Muscle

  • Skeletal Muscle: Composed of long, multinucleated muscle cells

Connective Tissue Coverings of Skeletal Muscle

  • Epimysium: A thick, dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle and contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
  • Perimysium: surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) - contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics
  • Endomysium: very thin reticular fibers surrounding individual muscle fibers

Myofibril

  • Myofibrils range from 5,000 to 10,000 per muscle fiber extending the entire length
  • Myofibrils have a diameter of 1-2 um
  • Myofibrils run parallel to the cells long axis
  • Myofibrils are made of repeating sarcomeres
  • Myofibrils exhibit transverse striations with alternating light and dark bands

Sarcomere structure

  • Sarcomere: region of myofibril between two Z lines
  • The smallest contractile unit of muscle fiber
  • 1.5-2 um long in resting muscle
  • Composed of thread like structures called filaments

Myofilaments

  • Within the sarcomere, 1,000-2,000 are arranged parallel to the long axis
  • Two types: thick and thin
  • Thick myofilaments reside in the midzone (spans A band region), diameter of 15 nm, length of 1.5 um, and contain myosin

Myosin details

  • Thick myofilaments are composed of two myosin heavy chains
  • Two myosin heads can bind to active sites on actin to form cross bridges
  • Has a hinge region for bending and straightening during contraction
  • Heads have ATPase enzymes

Actin details

  • Thin myofilaments run between thick filaments, spanning the A band region
  • Diameter of 8 nm, length of 1 um and contain actin
  • Associated regulatory proteins: tropomyosin and troponin

Thin myofilaments

  • Globular (G) actin has myosin head receptor sites
  • Tropomyosin covers actin in relaxed muscles
  • Troponin attaches to tropomyosin
  • Troponin binds to calcium and regulates actin and myosin interaction

Muscle Contraction

  • Two primary components: electrical and mechanical
  • Electrical: sarcolemma, transverse tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum transmit electrical signals
  • Mechanical: myofibril and myofilament responsible for contraction

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