Human Heart Anatomy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the capillaries in the vascular system?

  • Form valves to prevent backflow
  • Regulate blood pressure
  • Exchange materials between blood and tissues (correct)
  • Transport blood to the heart

    • Which tunic of the artery is responsible for allowing contact with blood?

  • Tunica externa
  • Tunica muscularis
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica intima (correct)

    • What role does nitric oxide (NO) play in the vascular system?

  • Acts as a vasodilator (correct)
  • Strengthens vessel walls
  • Causes vasoconstriction
  • Promotes blood clotting

    • Which layer of the artery is primarily responsible for maintaining blood pressure?

    <p>Tunica media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue forms the outer layer of arteries?

    <p>Fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the valves found in veins?

    <p>Prevent backflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are smaller veins called?

    <p>Venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anastomoses refer to:

    <p>Connections between arteries or veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process primarily drives the movement of gases in capillaries?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate blood pressure in capillaries as blood enters from the arterioles?

    <p>30 to 35 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is NOT mentioned as being delivered to cells from capillaries?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does albumin play at the venous end of capillaries?

    <p>Contributes to colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major pathway of circulation begins at the left ventricle?

    <p>Systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur in the pulmonary circulation?

    <p>Alveoli of the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tissue fluid help maintain blood volume and pressure?

    <p>By being pulled back into the capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily forced out of the capillaries due to higher blood pressure?

    <p>Plasma and dissolved nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle after it relaxes?

    <p>Pulmonary semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the papillary muscles serve in the heart?

    <p>They anchor the chordae tendineae and prevent valve inversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the left ventricle is true?

    <p>It has thicker walls to enable more forceful contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the aortic valve?

    <p>To keep blood from backflowing into the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature separates the myocardium of the atria and ventricles?

    <p>Cardiac skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the right ventricle contracts?

    <p>Blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve prevents backflow of blood to the left atrium?

    <p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the walls of the right ventricle less thick than those of the left ventricle?

    <p>It does not pump blood to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to most of the blood from the umbilical vein in the fetus?

    <p>It passes through the ductus venosus to the inferior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the foramen ovale in fetal circulation?

    <p>To permit blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the ductus arteriosus just after birth?

    <p>It constricts in response to higher oxygen content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of circulation in the body?

    <p>To transport nutrients to the body tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood that enters the right ventricle in a fetus is mainly pumped to which vessel?

    <p>The pulmonary artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural modification allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation?

    <p>Foramen ovale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the left side of the head?

    <p>Left common carotid artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ductus venosus connect in fetal circulation?

    <p>The umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the forearm?

    <p>Brachial a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What region does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

    <p>Small intestine and part of colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains the superficial face and neck?

    <p>External jugular v.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is NOT a branch of the abdominal aorta?

    <p>Pulmonary a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cranial venous sinuses drain?

    <p>Brain, including reabsorbed CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the diaphragm?

    <p>Inferior phrenic a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cephalic vein?

    <p>Draining superficial arm and forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies the adrenal glands?

    <p>Suprarenal a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Valves

    • Pulmonary valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery.
    • Tricuspid valve prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium from the right ventricle.
    • Aortic valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta.
    • Mitral valve prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the left ventricle.

    Heart Chambers

    • The right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs.
    • The left ventricle is responsible for pumping blood to the body.

    Vessels

    • Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
    • Veins carry blood back to the heart.
    • Capillaries allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and tissues.

    Arteries

    • Tunica Intima is the innermost layer of arteries, made of simple squamous epithelium called endothelium.
    • Tunica Media is the middle layer of arteries, made of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue. This layer regulates blood pressure.
    • Tunica Externa is the outermost layer of arteries, made of fibrous connective tissue, providing strength to the vessel.

    Veins

    • Veins have the same three tissue layers as arteries.
    • Veins possess valves that prevent backflow of blood.

    Anastomoses

    • Anastomoses are connections between blood vessels, either artery to artery or vein to vein.

    Exchanges in Capillaries

    • Gases move by diffusion, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
    • Filtration occurs at the arterial end of capillaries, forcing plasma and dissolved nutrients out of the capillaries into tissue fluid.
    • Reabsorption occurs at the venous end of capillaries, pulling tissue fluid back into the capillaries.

    Pulmonary Circulation

    • Begins in the right ventricle and ends in the left atrium.
    • Delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

    Systemic Circulation

    • Begins in the left ventricle and ends in the right atrium.
    • Delivers oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

    Fetal Circulation

    • Ductus venosus diverts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.
    • Foramen ovale shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.
    • Ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

    Function of Circulation

    • Transport nutrients to body tissues.
    • Transport waste products away from body tissues.
    • Conduct hormones throughout the body.
    • Maintain an appropriate environment in all tissue fluids for optimal cell function.

    Major Systemic Arteries

    • Ascending Aorta:
      • Coronary arteries supply the myocardium.
    • Aortic Arch:
      • Brachiocephalic artery supplies the right arm and head.
      • Left common carotid artery supplies the left side of the head.
      • Left subclavian artery supplies the left shoulder and arm.
    • Thoracic Aorta:
      • Intercostal arteries supply the skin, muscles, and bones of the trunk.
      • Superior phrenic artery supplies the diaphragm.
      • Pericardial artery supplies the pericardium.
      • Esophageal artery supplies the esophagus.
      • Bronchial arteries supply the bronchioles and connective tissue of the lungs.
    • Abdominal Aorta:
      • Inferior phrenic artery supplies the diaphragm.
      • Lumbar arteries supply the lumbar area of the back.
      • Middle sacral artery supplies the sacrum, coccyx, and buttocks.
      • Celiac artery supplies the liver, stomach, spleen, and pancreas.
      • Superior mesenteric artery supplies the small intestine and part of the colon.
      • Suprarenal arteries supply the adrenal glands.
      • Renal arteries supply the kidneys.
      • Inferior mesenteric artery supplies most of the colon and rectum.
      • Testicular or ovarian arteries supply the testes or ovaries.
      • Common iliac arteries supply the lower pelvis and legs.
    • Common Iliac Arteries:
      • Internal iliac artery supplies the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.
      • External iliac artery supplies the lower pelvis and leg.
    • Femoral artery supplies the thigh.
    • Popliteal artery supplies the back of the knee.
    • Anterior tibial artery supplies the front of the lower leg.
    • Dorsalis pedis artery supplies the top of the ankle and foot.
    • Plantar arches supply the foot.
    • Posterior tibial artery supplies the back of the lower leg.
    • Peroneal artery supplies the medial lower leg.

    Major Systemic Veins

    • Head and Neck:
      • Cranial venous sinuses drain the brain, including reabsorbed CSF.
      • Internal jugular vein drains the face and neck.
      • External jugular vein drains the superficial face and neck.
      • Subclavian vein drains the shoulder.
      • Brachiocephalic veins drain the upper body.
      • Superior vena cava receives blood from the upper body and empties into the right atrium.
    • Arm and Shoulder:
      • Radial and ulnar veins drain the forearm and hand.
      • Cephalic vein drains the superficial arm and forearm.
      • Basilic vein drains the superficial upper arm.
      • Brachial vein drains the arm.
      • Axillary vein receives blood from the arm and shoulder.

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