Human Genetics Experiment

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Questions and Answers

What is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings?

Human traits

Human heredity

Human ancestry

Human genetics (correct)

What is the function of a gene in a DNA molecule?

To incorporate four types of bases

To pass heritable traits from parents to offspring

To specify a single functional unit (correct)

To determine the number of chromosomes in a cell

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

46 (correct)

What is an allele?

A variant/alternative form of a gene at a specific location on the chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for paired chromosomes with the same gene pattern in diploid cells?

Homologous chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What determines the genetic information in a DNA molecule?

The sequence of bases Signup and view all the answers

What is passed from one generation to another via DNA?

Heritable traits Signup and view all the answers

What is the sugar found in RNA?

Ribose Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

A nucleotide has a phosphate group, while a nucleoside does not Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer of DNA?

Nucleotide Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of an organism?

The complete set of genes within an organism's genome Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a multigenic trait?

Human skin color Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between genes and traits?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is epistasis?

One gene controls the expression of another gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

The sugar found in the molecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of an individual with a red flower color in a complete dominance scenario?

RR or Rr Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between autosomal inheritance and sex-linked inheritance?

Autosomal inheritance involves genes on the 22 autosomal chromosomes, while sex-linked inheritance involves genes on the sex chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of incomplete dominance?

Both alleles express themselves partially to give an intermediate phenotype. Signup and view all the answers

Why are X-linked disorders rarely seen in females?

Because females have two X chromosomes, they are less likely to inherit a rare recessive allele. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of codominance?

Both alleles express themselves fully. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the independent inheritance of genes on different chromosomes?

Independent assortment Signup and view all the answers

What is the genotype of an individual with blood type A?

IAIA or IAi Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a universal donor?

Can donate blood to individuals with any ABO blood group Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of blood typing?

To determine an individual's blood group Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an individual with blood type AB?

Has no antibodies against A or B Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the blood lancet in blood typing?

To collect blood samples Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of instructor supervision in blood typing?

To ensure the experiment is conducted safely Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of disposing of waste in blood typing?

To prevent infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an individual with Rh- blood type?

Has no Rh antigens on their red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a gene that causes color blindness?

It is a recessive gene located on the X chromosome Signup and view all the answers

How do females inherit normal vision?

XBXB Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance occurs when a gene is transferred through the Y chromosome?

Y-linked inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a Y-linked trait?

It is passed from father to son Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of blood based on?

The presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of RBCs Signup and view all the answers

What are the two most important blood groups in humans?

ABO and Rh Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a female having XbXb?

She is colorblind Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of an X-linked disorder?

It is caused by a recessive gene located on the X chromosome Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Genetics

Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings.
Heredity is the passing of heritable traits from parents to offspring.
Heritable traits are passed from one generation to another via DNA.

Characteristics of DNA

DNA is a long polymer that incorporates four types of bases.
The sequence of bases in a DNA molecule specifies the genetic information.
The gene is the portion of a DNA molecule that specifies a single functional unit.
The allele is the variant/alternative form of a gene at a specific location on the chromosome (locus).

Human Chromosomes

Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes in total (23 maternal and 23 paternal).
Diploid cells have double the haploid number of chromosomes in the germ line (sex) cell.
In humans, diploid cells are somatic and have 46 chromosomes, which is twice the number of chromosomes in the haploid sperm and egg cells (23).

Homologous Chromosomes

In diploid cells, paired chromosomes with the same gene pattern are called homologous chromosomes.
In each somatic cell, we have a pair of homologous chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the father).

DNA vs RNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) has a sugar called 2-deoxyribose, nitrogen bases A, G, C, and T, and is double-stranded.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) has a sugar called ribose, nitrogen bases A, G, C, and U, and is single-stranded.

Nucleoside vs Nucleotide

Nucleoside = nitrogen base + 5C sugar.
Nucleotide = nitrogen base + 5C sugar + phosphate group.
The monomer of DNA is the nucleotide.

Phenotype vs Genotype

The phenotype of an organism is the complete set of observable traits of its structure and behavior.
The genotype of an organism is the complete set of genes within its genome.

Relationship between Genes and Traits

Single-gene traits: one gene controls one trait, with two alleles (dominant and recessive).
Multigenic traits: more than one gene controls the trait, with multiple alleles and quantitative phenotypes.

Human Blood Groups

Blood type is the classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of RBCs.
The two most important blood groups in humans are ABO and RhD.
ABO blood group has four phenotypes: A, B, AB, and O.
RhD blood group has two phenotypes: Rh+ and Rh-.

Blood Typing

Blood typing is used to determine an individual's blood group (to establish whether a person is blood group A, B, AB, or O and whether he or she is Rh+ or Rh-).
Universal donors are those with blood group O, because they can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group.
Universal recipients are those with blood group AB, because they can receive blood from individuals of any ABO blood group.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of human genetics, including the characteristics of DNA, human heritable traits, and multiple alleles, specifically in human blood groups. Test your understanding of heredity and inheritance in humans.