Embryology 1-2: Gametogenesis MCQ
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Questions and Answers

What defines the period of the embryo during human development?

  • From implantation to the 8th week of development (correct)
  • From birth until the 1st year of life
  • From fertilization to implantation
  • From the 8th week until birth

What is the significance of the term 'preimplantation embryo'?

  • It includes the zygote, morula, and blastocyst stages before implantation (correct)
  • It refers to the stage after implantation has occurred
  • It describes the embryo after the 8th week of development
  • It describes an embryo that has completed its development

How long is pregnancy considered to last when counting from fertilization?

  • 42 weeks
  • 38 weeks (correct)
  • 36 weeks
  • 40 weeks

What does the estimated due date (EDD) calculation typically rely on?

<p>The onset of the last menstrual period (LMP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge when determining the estimated due date based on the last menstrual period?

<p>It assumes a regular menstrual cycle of 28 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of mitochondria in the flagellum of spermatozoa?

<p>To provide energy needed for movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed from the axoneme of the sperm flagellum?

<p>9 pairs of microtubules surrounding one central pair (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific function do Sertoli cells perform?

<p>Maintenance of the blood testis barrier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of defects in the axonal structure of sperm?

<p>Defects in sperm motility leading to infertility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the spermatogenic cycle last?

<p>64 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance does androgen-binding protein bind to assist in the testis?

<p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary outcome of asynchronous meiosis in the seminiferous tubules?

<p>Different stages of sperm maturation occurring simultaneously (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the end of spermiogenesis?

<p>Spermatids are released into the lumen but are not motile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the theca interna in the follicle?

<p>Production of estrogen precursors and testosterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the antrum folliculi in ovarian follicles?

<p>It contains liquor folliculi rich in hyaluronic acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes pre ANTRAL (pre Graafian) follicles?

<p>Formation of small intracellular spaces called Cell-Exner bodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone stimulates the production of estrogen in granulosa cells?

<p>FSH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do fimbriae play during ovulation?

<p>They capture the ovulated complex and guide it into the infundibulum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in the granulosa cells following the synthesis of testosterone by theca interna?

<p>Transformation of testosterone into estrogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the slow transport phase in the uterine tube?

<p>Oocytes are given more time in the tube to increase fertilization chances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to developing follicles in the ovary?

<p>Some follicles degenerate while others enlarge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a blockage in the uterine tube?

<p>Inflammation, infections, or endometriosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found in the liquor folliculi?

<p>Hyaluronic acid and proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the survival duration of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract?

<p>80 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the basal lamina called membrana granulosa?

<p>Barrier against capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does seminal fluid NOT contain?

<p>Hormones to trigger labor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average pH range of seminal fluid?

<p>7.2-7.8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does the rapid transport phase from the isthmus to the uterus take?

<p>8 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of sperm in an ejaculation?

<p>2-6 ml (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus luteum after ovulation?

<p>To produce hormones to support the endometrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the corpus haemorrhagicum after ovulation?

<p>It results from the collapsing of the corpus luteum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why some women experience Mittleschmerz during ovulation?

<p>Enlargement of follicles or slight bleeding in the peritoneal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>It transforms into a menstrual corpus luteum and then a corpus albicans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the ovulated complex aids in the protection of the ovum?

<p>Zona pellucida (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast of blastocysts to maintain the function of the corpus luteum?

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Lgr5+ positive stem cells in ovarian function?

<p>They renovate the ovarian germinative epithelium after ovulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the color change in the corpus luteum as it functions?

<p>The increase in vascular network and hormone production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that spermatozoa have difficulty surviving in the vagina?

<p>The pH of the vagina is very low. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do some spermatozoa reach the uterus within a short time but are less likely to fertilize an egg?

<p>Fast phase of passage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in capacitation that enhances the motility of spermatozoa?

<p>Removal of glycoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cervical mucus during ovulation?

<p>It becomes more fluid to facilitate sperm passage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long must spermatozoa bind to the isthmus for the capacitation reaction to occur?

<p>24 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the cervical crypts play in the sperm passage process?

<p>They store sperm until they can fertilize the egg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change is associated with the hyperactivation of spermatozoa?

<p>Improved motility for faster swimming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the seminal fluid have on the vaginal environment for spermatozoa?

<p>It buffers the acidic environment temporarily. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Preimplantation Embryo

The stage of development from fertilization to implantation in the uterine lining, lasting approximately one week.

Embryo

The developing organism from implantation until the end of the 8th week of gestation.

Fetus

The developing organism from the 8th week of gestation until birth.

Fertilization Age

Pregnancy duration calculated from the moment of fertilization.

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Last Menstrual Period (LMP) Age

Pregnancy duration calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period.

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Axoneme

The internal structure of a flagellum, composed of 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair.

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Spermatogenesis Cycle

The process of sperm development from spermatogonia to spermatozoa, taking approximately 64 days.

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Sertoli Cells

Cells in the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish sperm development, forming the blood-testis barrier.

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Blood-Testis Barrier

A protective barrier formed by Sertoli cells, preventing the immune system from attacking developing sperm cells.

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Spermiation

The release of mature sperm from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.

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Spermatogenic Wave

The progressive maturation of sperm cells along the seminiferous tubule, creating a wave of different developmental stages.

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Asynchronous Meiosis

The process where different segments of the seminiferous tubules contain sperm at different stages of meiosis.

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Mitochondria in Flagellum

Mitochondria are concentrated in the flagellum's proximal portion (base) to provide energy for movement.

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Ovulated Complex

A structure released during ovulation consisting of the secondary oocyte (ovum), zona pellucida, corona radiata, and sticky matrix.

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Zona Pellucida

A protective layer surrounding the ovum that helps facilitate fertilization.

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Corona Radiata

A layer of cells surrounding the zona pellucida, providing support and nourishment.

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Sticky Matrix

Fluid within the antrum cavity containing hyaluronic acid, aiding in sperm transport and fertilization.

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Lgr5+ Stem Cells

Stem cells that play a crucial role in regenerating the ovarian germinative epithelium after ovulation.

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Mittleschmerz

Abdominal or pelvic pain that can occur during ovulation in some women due to follicular enlargement or bleeding.

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Corpus Luteum

A temporary structure that develops from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation, producing hormones to prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy.

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Corpus Albicans

Scar tissue that forms from the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur.

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Granulosa Cells

Cells surrounding the developing egg in an ovarian follicle. They contribute to egg maturation and hormone production.

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Theca Folliculi

A layer of cells surrounding the granulosa cells in an ovarian follicle. It's divided into two parts: theca interna (estrogen production) and theca externa (support and protection).

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Membrana Granulosa

A basal lamina that acts as a barrier between the granulosa cells and capillaries, preventing the direct contact of blood with the developing egg.

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Pre Antral Follicle

A stage in follicle development where small fluid-filled spaces called Cell-Exner bodies form within the granulosa cells.

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Antral Follicle

A mature follicle with a large central cavity called the antrum, filled with fluid called liquor folliculi. This stage is essential for ovulation.

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Liquor Folliculi

The fluid within the antrum of a mature follicle, rich in hyaluronic acid and proteins. It supports the growth and maturation of the egg.

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Cumulus Oophorus

A cluster of granulosa cells that surround the egg in a mature follicle. It helps with egg release during ovulation.

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Aromatase Enzyme

An enzyme found in granulosa cells that converts testosterone, produced in the theca interna, into estrogens.

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Fimbriae Function

Fimbriae are finger-like projections that capture the ovulated egg (oocyte) and guide it into the Fallopian tube.

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Oocyte Transport Phases

The journey of the oocyte through the Fallopian tube involves two phases: slow transport in the ampullary region (72 hours) and rapid transport from the isthmus to the uterus (8 hours).

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Uterine Tube Blockage

A blockage in the Fallopian tube can lead to infertility, commonly caused by infections, inflammation, or endometriosis.

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Semen Composition

Seminal fluid, containing spermatozoa, is a combination of prostatic secretions (acidic) and seminal vesicle secretions (basic), providing a suitable environment for sperm survival and promoting fertilization.

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Sperm Energy Source

Seminal vesicle secretions contain fructose, providing energy for sperm to travel and reach the egg.

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Sperm Viability

Spermatozoa can remain functional in the female reproductive tract for approximately 80 hours after ejaculation.

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Cilia and Smooth Muscle

Cilia and smooth muscle cells in the Fallopian tube work together to propel the ovulated complex towards the uterus.

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Sperm Transport Route

Sperm travel rapidly from the epididymis through the vas deferens and urethra to the vagina, propelled by muscle contractions and released in seminal fluid.

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Vaginal pH

The vagina's acidic environment (low pH) acts as a barrier against sperm, as sperm prefer a neutral or slightly basic environment.

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Seminal Fluid Buffering

Seminal fluid temporarily neutralizes the acidic environment of the vagina, creating a short-lived window for sperm to reach the cervix.

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Cervical Mucous Barrier

Cervical mucus acts as a second barrier for sperm. During ovulation, it becomes thinner and more fluid, allowing some sperm to pass.

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Fast vs. Slow Sperm Passage

Some sperm reach the fallopian tubes quickly (fast phase), but they are less likely to fertilize. Others travel slowly (slow phase), reaching the tubes later but with a higher chance of fertilization.

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Capacitation

Maturation process in the fallopian tube where sperm undergo changes to become fertilization-competent.

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Hyperactivation

Increased sperm motility, allowing them to break free from the isthmus and reach the ampulla.

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Ampulla

The meeting place between the egg and sperm in the fallopian tube. It's the site of fertilization.

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Study Notes

Human Development

  • Periods of development: Medical point of view divides development into three trimesters, while embryological perspective distinguishes the period of the egg (zygote to blastocyst), embryo (implantation to 8th week), and fetus (8th week onwards).
  • Development after birth: Maturation continues after birth, with some systems, like the lungs, developing fully several years later. Aging and senescence are also part of ongoing development throughout life.
  • Dating pregnancy: Fertilization age is based on calculating weeks from fertilization, which is difficult to determine precisely, (egg and sperm survival times). Estimates based on last menstrual period (LMP) usually consider a 28-day cycle and are thus prone to error.

Dating of pregnancy

  • Two Methods: Pregnancy can be dated using either fertilization age (difficult to calculate precisely) or by calculating from the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP).
  • LMP method: This method assumes a 28-day cycle but this is not always the case, which thus leads to inaccuracy in the Estimated Due Date (EDD) calculation.

Developmental Problems

  • Birth defects: Genetic causes (chromosomal or gene mutations). Environmental influences (drugs, alcohol, infections, chemicals, radiation) and the interaction of these two factors are contributors to birth defects.
  • Unknown causes: About 50-60% of birth defects have unknown origins.
  • Susceptibility Periods: The period of greatest susceptibility to major developmental abnormalities lies during weeks 3-8 of development, when organs are forming and rapidly differentiating.

Teratogens

  • Definition: Teratogens are chemical, physical, or biological agents that cause abnormal fetal development, often with specific effects according to the stage of development at the time exposure occurs.

Phases of Human Embryology

  • Stages: Stages are gametogenesis, fertilisation, cleavage, gastrulation, morphogenesis, and organogenesis.
  • Gametogenesis is the process through which gametes (sperm and egg) are formed.
  • Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes.
  • Cleavage is the rapid cell division of the zygote (fertilized egg).
  • Gastrulation occurs after cleavage and organizes into three essential layers for fetal development.
  • Morphogenesis is the process of arranging of cells into tissues, organs, and body shapes, body plans.
  • Organogenesis is the development of organs.

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Embryology 1 and 2 - Introduction and Gametogenesis PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on human embryology, focusing on the development processes, stages of pregnancy, and the roles of various cell types in reproduction. This quiz covers key concepts from fertilization to spermatozoa function and development. Perfect for students studying developmental biology or related fields.

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