GIT MCQ (1)
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GIT MCQ (1)

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Questions and Answers

What is the most common portal of entry for pathogens into the gastrointestinal system?

  • Coughed up & swallowed
  • Systemic blood-borne infections
  • Ingestion (correct)
  • Parasite migration
  • Which condition results in a communication between the oral and nasal cavities?

  • Sialoadenitis
  • Palatoschisis (correct)
  • Stomatitis
  • Cheiloschisis
  • What characterizes superficial stomatitis?

  • Associated with autoimmune disease
  • Limited to the mucosa (correct)
  • Involves necrotic tissue
  • Extends to the submucosa
  • What type of pneumonia can result from Palatoschisis in animals?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inflammation of the gums specifically called?

    <p>Gingivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of stomatitis?

    <p>Genetic factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stomatitis is characterized by necrotic tissue?

    <p>Necrotic stomatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral condition is specifically associated with vesicular stomatitis in large animals?

    <p>Foot and mouth disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What virus is responsible for Foot and Mouth Disease?

    <p>Picornavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group of animals is commonly affected by Bovine Popular Stomatitis?

    <p>Young animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an ulcer from an erosion in stomatitis?

    <p>Erosions involve destruction of the basement membrane, while ulcers do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical finding is associated with Gray/yellow myocardial necrosis in affected animals?

    <p>Tiger heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of bacterium is responsible for calf diphtheria?

    <p>Fusobacterium necrophorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a granulomatous condition?

    <p>Presence of pyogranulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of necrotizing stomatitis?

    <p>Tissue necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary lesion type seen in Actinobacillosis?

    <p>Nodules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential sequelae of dental caries?

    <p>Dental infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of esophagitis is associated with repeated gastric acid reflux?

    <p>Reflux esophagitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the protrusion of the mandible?

    <p>Prognathia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumor is a squamous cell carcinoma classified as?

    <p>Malignant tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sequelae of choke in the esophagus?

    <p>Attrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with abnormal wear and may follow dental trauma?

    <p>Caries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of a benign tumor referred to as an epulis?

    <p>It has a fibrous connective tissue capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a potential consequence of intra-uterine infection with BVD in cows?

    <p>Enamel dysplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oral Cavity & Pharynx

    • The oral cavity is a part of the digestive system that includes the oral mucous membranes, teeth, tonsils, salivary glands, and tongue
    • Pharynx is the part of the digestive system that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus

    Esophagus

    • The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

    Stomach

    • The stomach is a muscular sac that stores and mixes food
    • There are two types of stomachs - Simple and complex stomachs

    Intestines

    • The intestines are a long, coiled tube that digests and absorbs food
    • The intestines can be divided into two parts- the small intestine and the large intestine
    • The small intestine is responsible for most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients.
    • The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes.

    Liver & Pancreas

    • The liver is a large organ that produces bile, which helps digest fats.
    • The pancreas is a gland that produces enzymes that help digest food.

    Peritoneum

    • The peritoneum is a membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it.

    Signs of GI Disease

    • Signs of GI disease can include vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and weight loss

    Portals of entry of Pathogens

    • The most common route of entry for pathogens is by ingestion
    • Pathogens can enter the body through coughed up material that is swallowed
    • They can also enter the body through systemic blood-borne infections
    • Parasite migration can be a portal of entry for some pathogens.

    Oral Cavity

    • The oral cavity is the first part of the digestive system
    • Oral cavity contains: oral mucous membranes, teeth, tonsils, salivary glands, and tongue
    • Oral mucous membranes are a protective lining for the mouth
    • The teeth are used for chewing food
    • The tonsils are lymphatic tissues that help fight infection
    • The salivary glands produce saliva, which helps moisten food and begin digestion
    • The tongue helps move food around in the mouth and helps with swallowing

    Palatoschisis (Cleft Palate)

    • Palatoschisis is a fissure in the hard palate resulting in a connection between the oral and nasal cavities
    • It can lead to aspiration pneumonia

    Causes of Palatoschisis

    • Palatoschisis can be caused by genetic factors and toxic plants such as Veratrum californicum

    Cheiloschisis (Cleft Lip or Hare Lip)

    • Cheiloschisis is a fissure in the lip

    Stomatitis

    • Stomatitis is an inflammation of the oral cavity
    • Different types of stomatitis are: cheilitis (lips), glossitis (tongue), gingivitis (gums), pharyngitis (pharynx), tonsillitis (tonsils), and sialoadenitis (salivary glands)

    Causes of Stomatitis

    • Stomatitis can be caused by infectious agents, trauma, chemical injury, autoimmune diseases, and systemic diseases

    Classification of Stomatitis

    • Superficial stomatitis: Limited to the mucosa
      • Vesicular stomatitis
      • Erosive and ulcerative stomatitis
    • Deep stomatitis: Extended to the submucosa
      • Necrotic stomatitis
      • Granulomatous stomatitis

    Vesicular Stomatitis

    • Characterized by vesicle formation - vesicle: Fluid-filled raised lesion
    • It is caused by epithelial damage (viral)
    • It leads to intracellular and intercellular edema, which results in erosion, ulcers, and cellular infiltration

    Vesicular Stomatitis in Dogs & Cats

    • It is mainly caused by autoimmune disease (in dogs & cats) and calicivirus infection (in cats)

    Vesicular Stomatitis in Food Animals

    • Foot and mouth disease (in cattle sheep, Pigs)
    • Vesicular stomatitis (in Horse, cattle, Pig)

    Foot and Mouth Disease

    • It is highly contagious and affects mainly ruminants and pigs
    • Caused by picornavirus
    • It can lead to vesicles which rupture leading to ulcers
    • It can also lead to gray/yellow myocardial necrosis (“tiger heart”) in animals less than 6 months of age

    Erosive & Ulcerative Stomatitis

    • Erosion: Loss of surface epithelium with intact basement membrane
    • Ulcer: Loss of the epithelium with destruction of the basement membrane, revealing the underlying submucosa (blood vessels)
    • Erosive & Ulcerative Stomatitis can be caused by: BVD, MCF, Rinderpest, Peste des petits ruminants, Bluetongue, FMD, Herpesvirus(Cattle, cats, horses, primates), and Uremia

    Necrotizing Stomatitis

    • Characterized by tissue necrosis
    • Example: Calf diphtheria caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum

    Granulomatous Stomatitis

    • Characterized by granuloma formation
    • Example: Actinobacillosis(wooden tongue) - caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii (Gram negative)
    • Affects cattle, sheep
    • Grossly: The tongue is firm, pale containing multifocal nodules, containing Yellow pus "sulfur granules," and has a massive amount of fibrous connective tissue
    • Microscopically: a pyogranuloma - composed of mass of bacteria, radiating eosinophilic clubs, neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and a fibrous connective tissue capsule

    Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma

    • It is a type of granulomatous stomatitis that affects cats

    Lymphoplasmacytic Stomatitis

    • Characterized by lymphocytes and plasma cells
    • Example: Feline gingivostomatitis (FGS)

    Benign Tumors and Tumor-like Masses

    • Gingivial hyperplasia
    • Epulis
    • Papilloma (wart)

    Malignant Tumors

    • Squamous cell carcinoma
    • Malignant melanoma
    • Fibrosarcoma

    Teeth

    • Teeth are used for chewing food
    • Anomalies in teeth can cause malocclusion

    Anomalies of Teeth

    • Prognathia: Protrusion of the mandible
    • Brachygnathia: Short mandible, which can lead to malocclusion

    Enamel Dysplasia

    • Enamel dysplasia can be caused by canine distemper in puppies and BVD intra-uterine infection.

    Attrition & Abnormal Wear

    • Attrition and Abnormal wear can lead to dental infection and dental trauma.

    Caries

    • Caries is the acid demineralization of tooth and enzymatic digestion of dental organic matrix followed by inflammation
    • Dental plaque (bacterial film + food + organic matrix) can lead to caries
    • Dental calculus or tartar (mineralized plaque) can also lead to Caries
    • Sequelae of carries: Loss of tooth, Alveolar osteomyelitis, Tooth abscess, Pulpitis, Bacteremia

    Esophagus

    • The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
    • Choke is when the esophagus is blocked usually by food
    • It can lead to stenosis, rupture, perforation, and bloat

    Esophagitis

    • Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus
    • Reflux esophagitis: due to repeated gastric acid reflux
    • Ulcerative esophagitis: caused by BVD, bovine popular stomatitis
    • Parasitic esophagitis: caused by Sarcocystosis (Cow), Spirocerca lupi (Dog)

    Megaesophagus

    • Megaesophagus is a condition where the esophagus is enlarged
    • It can be congenital or acquired

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    Digestive System Lecture 1 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the key components of the human digestive system, including the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas. Understand the functions and structures that contribute to the digestion and absorption of food in the human body.

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