Human Development Stages

Human Development

• Stages of Development:
  • Infancy (0-1 year): rapid growth and development, sensory exploration
  • Toddlerhood (1-3 years): language acquisition, exploration of environment
  • Early Childhood (4-6 years): social and emotional development, learning to interact with others
  • Late Childhood (7-12 years): cognitive development, formation of self-concept
  • Adolescence (13-19 years): physical changes, identity formation, social relationships
  • Adulthood (20-64 years): career development, relationships, family formation
  • Old Age (65+ years): physical decline, social and emotional changes
• Theories of Development:
  • Nature vs. Nurture: debate over the role of genetics vs. environment in shaping human development
  • Psychoanalytic Theory: focus on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences
  • Cognitive Theory: emphasis on mental processes and learning

Behaviorism

• Key Principles:
  • Focus on observable behavior, not internal thoughts or feelings
  • Environment shapes behavior through reinforcement and punishment
  • Learning is a result of association between stimuli and responses
• Theorists:
  • John B. Watson: founded behaviorism, emphasized the role of environment
  • B.F. Skinner: developed operant conditioning, focusing on reinforcement and punishment
• Types of Learning:
  • Classical Conditioning: association between stimuli and responses
  • Operant Conditioning: behavior modified by reinforcement or punishment

Personality Theories

• Psychoanalytic Theory:
  • Focus on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences
  • Structure of personality: id, ego, superego
  • Defense mechanisms: coping strategies for dealing with anxiety
• Trait Theory:
  • Emphasis on individual personality traits and characteristics
  • Big Five Personality Traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
• Humanistic Theory:
  • Emphasis on personal growth, self-actualization, and positive aspects of human nature
  • Focus on the present moment, rather than past experiences

Cognitive Psychology

• Key Concepts:
  • Mental processes: perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving
  • Information processing: input, processing, storage, and retrieval of information
• Memory:
  • Types of memory: sensory, short-term, long-term
  • Encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
• Language:
  • Language acquisition: process of learning language
  • Language processing: comprehension, production, and use of language

Psychodynamic Approach

• Key Principles:
  • Focus on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences
  • Emphasis on the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior
  • Importance of early childhood experiences in shaping adult personality
• Therapeutic Techniques:
  • Free association: uncovering unconscious thoughts and feelings
  • Dream analysis: exploring the symbolism and hidden meaning of dreams
  • Transference: exploring the patient's feelings and attitudes towards the therapist

Life Span Perspective of Paul Baltes

• Key Concepts:
  • Development is a lifelong process, with gains and losses at every stage
  • Focus on the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors
  • Emphasis on the importance of context and culture in shaping development
• Seven Dimensions of Development:
  • Biological: physical changes and health
  • Cognitive: mental processes and learning
  • Emotional: emotional development and well-being
  • Social: social relationships and interactions
  • Motivational: goals, values, and motivation
  • Reflective: self-awareness, reflection, and wisdom
  • Contextual: cultural, historical, and environmental factors

Human Development

• Stages of development:
  • Infancy: 0-1 year, rapid growth, sensory exploration
  • Toddlerhood: 1-3 years, language acquisition, environmental exploration
  • Early Childhood: 4-6 years, social-emotional development, learning to interact
  • Late Childhood: 7-12 years, cognitive development, self-concept formation
  • Adolescence: 13-19 years, physical changes, identity formation, social relationships
  • Adulthood: 20-64 years, career development, relationships, family formation
  • Old Age: 65+ years, physical decline, social-emotional changes
• Theories of development:
  • Nature vs. Nurture: debate over genetics vs. environment in shaping human development
  • Psychoanalytic Theory: unconscious motivations, childhood experiences
  • Cognitive Theory: mental processes, learning

Behaviorism

• Key principles:
  • Focus on observable behavior, not internal thoughts or feelings
  • Environment shapes behavior through reinforcement and punishment
  • Learning is a result of association between stimuli and responses
• Theorists:
  • John B. Watson: founded behaviorism, emphasized environment
  • B.F. Skinner: developed operant conditioning, reinforcement, punishment
• Types of learning:
  • Classical Conditioning: association between stimuli and responses
  • Operant Conditioning: behavior modified by reinforcement or punishment

Personality Theories

• Psychoanalytic Theory:
  • Focus on unconscious motivations, childhood experiences
  • Structure of personality: id, ego, superego
  • Defense mechanisms: coping strategies for dealing with anxiety
• Trait Theory:
  • Emphasis on individual personality traits, characteristics
  • Big Five Personality Traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
• Humanistic Theory:
  • Emphasis on personal growth, self-actualization, positive aspects of human nature
  • Focus on the present moment, rather than past experiences

Cognitive Psychology

• Key concepts:
  • Mental processes: perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving
  • Information processing: input, processing, storage, and retrieval of information
• Memory:
  • Types of memory: sensory, short-term, long-term
  • Encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
• Language:
  • Language acquisition: process of learning language
  • Language processing: comprehension, production, and use of language

Psychodynamic Approach

• Key principles:
  • Focus on unconscious motivations, childhood experiences
  • Emphasis on the role of the unconscious mind in shaping behavior
  • Importance of early childhood experiences in shaping adult personality
• Therapeutic techniques:
  • Free association: uncovering unconscious thoughts and feelings
  • Dream analysis: exploring symbolism and hidden meaning of dreams
  • Transference: exploring patient's feelings and attitudes towards the therapist

Life Span Perspective of Paul Baltes

• Key concepts:
  • Development is a lifelong process, with gains and losses at every stage
  • Focus on the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors
  • Emphasis on the importance of context and culture in shaping development
• Seven dimensions of development:
  • Biological: physical changes, health
  • Cognitive: mental processes, learning
  • Emotional: emotional development, well-being
  • Social: social relationships, interactions
  • Motivational: goals, values, motivation
  • Reflective: self-awareness, reflection, wisdom
  • Contextual: cultural, historical, environmental factors