Human Development Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What fallacy arises when one assumes that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused the second event?

  • Cross-Sectional Fallacy
  • Attrition Fallacy
  • Post Hoc Fallacy (correct)
  • Cohort Fallacy

Which design in developmental psychology examines the same group of people on multiple occasions over time?

  • Longitudinal Design (correct)
  • Cohort Design
  • Sequential Design
  • Cross-Sectional Design

Which type of design in developmental psychology is vulnerable to cohort effects?

  • Mixed-Methods Design
  • Sequential Design
  • Cross-Sectional Design (correct)
  • Longitudinal Design

What debate emphasizes that both nature and nurture play crucial roles in shaping development?

<p>Nature vs. Nurture Debate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a gene-environment interaction, the effect of genes depends on which factor?

<p>Specific Environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drawback of longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?

<p>High Attrition Rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of design examines people of different ages at a single point in time?

<p>Cross-Sectional Design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist believed that children's development involves radical reorganizations of thinking at specific development points?

<p>Jean Piaget (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range do children typically move into the Concrete Operations Stage according to Piaget's theory?

<p>7-11 years old (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, which stage lacks Object Permanence and Deferred Imitation?

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is higher in women according to the text?

<p>Estrogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce largely due to hormonal release called in the text?

<p>Puberty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Deferred Imitation' refers to the ability to perform action observed earlier. Which stage in Piaget's theory is associated with this ability?

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Egocentrism' is an ability associated with which stage in Piaget's theory?

<p>Preoperational Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Assimilation' is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge. What follows when assimilated beliefs no longer fit with experience?

<p>'Accommodation' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Conversation' is a Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation, the amount remains the same. It is associated with which stage?

<p>'Preoperational Stage' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Menarche' refers to the onset of menstruation. What is the corresponding term for male's first ejaculation?

<p>'Spermarche' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge of adolescence according to Erik Erikson?

<p>Developing an identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of moral development do individuals focus on societal values according to Kohlberg?

<p>Conventional (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does Stranger Anxiety typically start and peak according to the text?

<p>8-9 months, peaks at 12-15 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the temperamental styles identified by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess?

<p>Reactive Infants: hyperactive and extroverted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest called?

<p>Attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Ainsworth's attachment categories, which group reacts with panic and shows mixed reactions upon return of the caregiver?

<p>Insecure-Anxious Attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted research on infant monkeys to study attachment behavior based on contact comfort?

<p>Harry Harlow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major stage of Erikson's comprehensive model of psychosocial development?

<p><strong>Developing a Secure Attachment</strong> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?

<p>Internal moral principles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key concept behind scaffolding in a learning environment?

<p>Gradually reducing support as children improve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In early social development, when does stranger anxiety typically peak?

<p>8-9 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being fussy and easily frustrated?

<p>Difficult Infants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In attachment theory, which category describes infants who react with panic upon the return of their caregiver?

<p>Insecure-Anxious Attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?

<p>Forming a clear understanding of who they are (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?

<p>Relying on internal moral principles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imprinting is a concept associated with:

<p>Attachment theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Contact Comfort' refers to:

<p>Positive emotions resulting from touch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the milestone of the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?

<p>Mental Representation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories, what is the process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience called?

<p>Accommodation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of learning in Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories?

<p>Physical experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

<p>Highlights social and cultural influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Menarche' refers to which event in female development?

<p>Onset of menstruation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Spermarche' is associated with which event in male development?

<p>'First ejaculation' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Deferred Imitation' is a milestone in which of Piaget's cognitive development stages?

<p>'Sensorimotor' (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drawback of using a cross-sectional design in developmental psychology?

<p>Limited to examining one group at different points in time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nature-nurture debate, what does the Gene-Environment Interaction highlight?

<p>Dependence of gene effects on the environment they are expressed in (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge faced when using longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?

<p>Cost and time constraints (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential issue with assuming the occurrence of an event caused another event due to sequencing in a study?

<p>Fallacy of post hoc reasoning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the nature-nurture debate from being an 'either-or' issue?

<p>Both nature and nurture contribute to development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In developmental psychology, what is a major concern related to the vulnerability of longitudinal designs?

<p>Attrition bias (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are cross-sectional designs susceptible to cohort effects?

<p>Because they examine different age groups at one point in time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Attrition' is a common concern in longitudinal designs. What does attrition refer to in this context?

<p>The potential loss of participants over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do gene-environment interactions relate to the impact of genes on human development?

<p>They emphasize that the effects of genes depend on the environmental context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes longitudinal designs from cross-sectional designs when examining human development?

<p>Longitudinal designs observe the same group of individuals over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of scaffolding in a learning environment?

<p>To gradually remove support as children improve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range do infants typically start developing an interest in other people?

<p>4-6 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusting?

<p>Slow to Warm up Infants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of attachment style is characterized by showing inconsistent and confused reactions to the departure and return of a caregiver?

<p>Disorganized Attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?

<p>Discovering who they are and their priorities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's Moral Development, which stage focuses on internal moral principles?

<p>Postconventional Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Harry Harlow's research on infant monkeys primarily emphasize?

<p>'Contact Comfort' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Imprinting' as observed in baby birds primarily involves:

<p>Following any moving object after hatching (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, which developmental stage occurs between ages 18-25?

<p>Emerging Adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Kohlberg's Conventional Stage of Moral Development?

<p>Societal values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Lev Vygotsky's theory?

<p>Piaget focused on biological maturation, while Vygotsky emphasized social and cultural influences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Piaget's view on cognitive development stages?

<p>Radical reorganizations happen during cognitive development stages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Piaget's Preoperational Stage from the Concrete Operations Stage?

<p>Preoperational has no conservation abilities, while Concrete Operations can understand transformations in amounts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is a secondary sex characteristic according to the text?

<p>Deepening of voice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major milestone of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?

<p>Mental representation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight?

<p>Sensorimotor Stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget's theory?

<p>Biological maturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the ability to perform mental operations only for actual physical events?

<p>Concrete Operations Stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development primarily focus on?

<p>Cultural and social influences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinguishing feature between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics?

<p>Primary sex characteristics are related to reproduction, while secondary sex characteristics are not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the false assumption that if one event occurred before another, it must have caused the second event?

<p>Post Hoc Fallacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which design in developmental psychology examines the development of the same group of individuals over multiple time points?

<p>Longitudinal Design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a gene-environment interaction, the effects of genes depend on:

<p>Environmental factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which debate emphasizes that both genes and environment are crucial in shaping development?

<p>Nature vs Nurture Debate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to a design in which researchers examine individuals of different ages at a single point in time?

<p>Cross Sectional Design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor makes the Longitudinal Design in developmental psychology costly and time-consuming?

<p>Attrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation describes a gene-environment interaction?

<p>Genes and environment both contribute to behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by Cross Sectional Designs in developmental psychology?

<p>Cohort Effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for dropping out of a longitudinal study before its completion?

<p>Attrition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Developmental Psychology, what is the false belief that just because one event happened before another, it caused it?

<p>Post Hoc Fallacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Causal Fallacy

  • The assumption that one event caused another because it occurred before is called the Causal Fallacy.

Developmental Psychology Designs

  • Longitudinal Design: examines the same group of people on multiple occasions over time.
  • Cross-Sectional Design: examines people of different ages at a single point in time.
  • Longitudinal designs are vulnerable to attrition and are costly and time-consuming.

Gene-Environment Interaction

  • The effect of genes depends on the environment.
  • Gene-environment interaction highlights that both nature and nurture play crucial roles in shaping development.

Piaget's Theory

  • Children's development involves radical reorganizations of thinking at specific development points.
  • Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2 years, lack of Object Permanence and Deferred Imitation.
  • Preoperational Stage: 2-7 years, associated with Egocentrism.
  • Concrete Operations Stage: 7-11 years, associated with the ability to perform mental operations for actual physical events.
  • Deferred Imitation is the ability to perform actions observed earlier, characteristic of the Sensorimotor Stage.
  • Assimilation is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge.
  • Accommodation follows when assimilated beliefs no longer fit with experience.

Moral Development

  • Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage: focus on personal interests.
  • Kohlberg's Conventional Stage: focus on societal values.
  • Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage: focus on internal moral principles.

Attachment Theory

  • Contact Comfort: the tendency to seek physical touch and comfort.
  • Imprinting: a concept associated with contact comfort.
  • Ainsworth's attachment categories:Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, Anxious-Avoidant, and Disorganized-Disoriented.
  • Stranger Anxiety typically starts and peaks around 6-12 months.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development

  • Each stage has a unique challenge: Trust vs. Mistrust, Identity vs. Role Confusion, etc.
  • During the stage of Developing an Identity, the main challenge adolescents face is exploring their identities.

Temperamental Styles

  • Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess identified three temperamental styles: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm-Up.
  • Easy: adaptable, gentle, and calm.
  • Difficult: fussy, easily frustrated, and resistant to change.
  • Slow-to-Warm-Up: disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusts.

Scaffolding

  • The primary function of scaffolding in a learning environment is to provide temporary support and guidance.

Miscellaneous

  • Menarche refers to the onset of menstruation in females.
  • Spermarche refers to the first ejaculation in males.
  • Egocentrism is an ability associated with the Preoperational Stage.
  • Convoy refers to the emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest.

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