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Questions and Answers
What fallacy arises when one assumes that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused the second event?
What fallacy arises when one assumes that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused the second event?
- Cross-Sectional Fallacy
- Attrition Fallacy
- Post Hoc Fallacy (correct)
- Cohort Fallacy
Which design in developmental psychology examines the same group of people on multiple occasions over time?
Which design in developmental psychology examines the same group of people on multiple occasions over time?
- Longitudinal Design (correct)
- Cohort Design
- Sequential Design
- Cross-Sectional Design
Which type of design in developmental psychology is vulnerable to cohort effects?
Which type of design in developmental psychology is vulnerable to cohort effects?
- Mixed-Methods Design
- Sequential Design
- Cross-Sectional Design (correct)
- Longitudinal Design
What debate emphasizes that both nature and nurture play crucial roles in shaping development?
What debate emphasizes that both nature and nurture play crucial roles in shaping development?
In a gene-environment interaction, the effect of genes depends on which factor?
In a gene-environment interaction, the effect of genes depends on which factor?
What is the primary drawback of longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?
What is the primary drawback of longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?
Which type of design examines people of different ages at a single point in time?
Which type of design examines people of different ages at a single point in time?
Which theorist believed that children's development involves radical reorganizations of thinking at specific development points?
Which theorist believed that children's development involves radical reorganizations of thinking at specific development points?
At what age range do children typically move into the Concrete Operations Stage according to Piaget's theory?
At what age range do children typically move into the Concrete Operations Stage according to Piaget's theory?
In Piaget's theory, which stage lacks Object Permanence and Deferred Imitation?
In Piaget's theory, which stage lacks Object Permanence and Deferred Imitation?
Which hormone is higher in women according to the text?
Which hormone is higher in women according to the text?
What is the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce largely due to hormonal release called in the text?
What is the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce largely due to hormonal release called in the text?
'Deferred Imitation' refers to the ability to perform action observed earlier. Which stage in Piaget's theory is associated with this ability?
'Deferred Imitation' refers to the ability to perform action observed earlier. Which stage in Piaget's theory is associated with this ability?
'Egocentrism' is an ability associated with which stage in Piaget's theory?
'Egocentrism' is an ability associated with which stage in Piaget's theory?
'Assimilation' is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge. What follows when assimilated beliefs no longer fit with experience?
'Assimilation' is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge. What follows when assimilated beliefs no longer fit with experience?
'Conversation' is a Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation, the amount remains the same. It is associated with which stage?
'Conversation' is a Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation, the amount remains the same. It is associated with which stage?
'Menarche' refers to the onset of menstruation. What is the corresponding term for male's first ejaculation?
'Menarche' refers to the onset of menstruation. What is the corresponding term for male's first ejaculation?
What is the main challenge of adolescence according to Erik Erikson?
What is the main challenge of adolescence according to Erik Erikson?
During which stage of moral development do individuals focus on societal values according to Kohlberg?
During which stage of moral development do individuals focus on societal values according to Kohlberg?
At what age does Stranger Anxiety typically start and peak according to the text?
At what age does Stranger Anxiety typically start and peak according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT one of the temperamental styles identified by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess?
Which of the following is NOT one of the temperamental styles identified by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess?
What is the emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest called?
What is the emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest called?
In Ainsworth's attachment categories, which group reacts with panic and shows mixed reactions upon return of the caregiver?
In Ainsworth's attachment categories, which group reacts with panic and shows mixed reactions upon return of the caregiver?
Who conducted research on infant monkeys to study attachment behavior based on contact comfort?
Who conducted research on infant monkeys to study attachment behavior based on contact comfort?
Which of the following is NOT a major stage of Erikson's comprehensive model of psychosocial development?
Which of the following is NOT a major stage of Erikson's comprehensive model of psychosocial development?
What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?
What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?
What is the key concept behind scaffolding in a learning environment?
What is the key concept behind scaffolding in a learning environment?
In early social development, when does stranger anxiety typically peak?
In early social development, when does stranger anxiety typically peak?
According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being fussy and easily frustrated?
According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being fussy and easily frustrated?
In attachment theory, which category describes infants who react with panic upon the return of their caregiver?
In attachment theory, which category describes infants who react with panic upon the return of their caregiver?
During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?
During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?
What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?
What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?
Imprinting is a concept associated with:
Imprinting is a concept associated with:
'Contact Comfort' refers to:
'Contact Comfort' refers to:
What is the milestone of the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?
What is the milestone of the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?
In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories, what is the process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience called?
In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories, what is the process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience called?
What is the primary source of learning in Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories?
What is the primary source of learning in Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?
'Menarche' refers to which event in female development?
'Menarche' refers to which event in female development?
'Spermarche' is associated with which event in male development?
'Spermarche' is associated with which event in male development?
'Deferred Imitation' is a milestone in which of Piaget's cognitive development stages?
'Deferred Imitation' is a milestone in which of Piaget's cognitive development stages?
What is the primary drawback of using a cross-sectional design in developmental psychology?
What is the primary drawback of using a cross-sectional design in developmental psychology?
In the nature-nurture debate, what does the Gene-Environment Interaction highlight?
In the nature-nurture debate, what does the Gene-Environment Interaction highlight?
What is the main challenge faced when using longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?
What is the main challenge faced when using longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?
What is the potential issue with assuming the occurrence of an event caused another event due to sequencing in a study?
What is the potential issue with assuming the occurrence of an event caused another event due to sequencing in a study?
What distinguishes the nature-nurture debate from being an 'either-or' issue?
What distinguishes the nature-nurture debate from being an 'either-or' issue?
In developmental psychology, what is a major concern related to the vulnerability of longitudinal designs?
In developmental psychology, what is a major concern related to the vulnerability of longitudinal designs?
Why are cross-sectional designs susceptible to cohort effects?
Why are cross-sectional designs susceptible to cohort effects?
'Attrition' is a common concern in longitudinal designs. What does attrition refer to in this context?
'Attrition' is a common concern in longitudinal designs. What does attrition refer to in this context?
How do gene-environment interactions relate to the impact of genes on human development?
How do gene-environment interactions relate to the impact of genes on human development?
What distinguishes longitudinal designs from cross-sectional designs when examining human development?
What distinguishes longitudinal designs from cross-sectional designs when examining human development?
What is the major function of scaffolding in a learning environment?
What is the major function of scaffolding in a learning environment?
At what age range do infants typically start developing an interest in other people?
At what age range do infants typically start developing an interest in other people?
According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusting?
According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusting?
What kind of attachment style is characterized by showing inconsistent and confused reactions to the departure and return of a caregiver?
What kind of attachment style is characterized by showing inconsistent and confused reactions to the departure and return of a caregiver?
During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?
During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?
In Kohlberg's Moral Development, which stage focuses on internal moral principles?
In Kohlberg's Moral Development, which stage focuses on internal moral principles?
What concept did Harry Harlow's research on infant monkeys primarily emphasize?
What concept did Harry Harlow's research on infant monkeys primarily emphasize?
'Imprinting' as observed in baby birds primarily involves:
'Imprinting' as observed in baby birds primarily involves:
According to Erikson, which developmental stage occurs between ages 18-25?
According to Erikson, which developmental stage occurs between ages 18-25?
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Conventional Stage of Moral Development?
What is the focus of Kohlberg's Conventional Stage of Moral Development?
What is the main difference between Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Lev Vygotsky's theory?
What is the main difference between Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Lev Vygotsky's theory?
Which statement best describes Piaget's view on cognitive development stages?
Which statement best describes Piaget's view on cognitive development stages?
What distinguishes Piaget's Preoperational Stage from the Concrete Operations Stage?
What distinguishes Piaget's Preoperational Stage from the Concrete Operations Stage?
Which characteristic is a secondary sex characteristic according to the text?
Which characteristic is a secondary sex characteristic according to the text?
What is the major milestone of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?
What is the major milestone of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?
In which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight?
In which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight?
What is the primary driver of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget's theory?
What is the primary driver of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget's theory?
Which stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the ability to perform mental operations only for actual physical events?
Which stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the ability to perform mental operations only for actual physical events?
What does Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development primarily focus on?
What does Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development primarily focus on?
What is the key distinguishing feature between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics?
What is the key distinguishing feature between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics?
What is the false assumption that if one event occurred before another, it must have caused the second event?
What is the false assumption that if one event occurred before another, it must have caused the second event?
Which design in developmental psychology examines the development of the same group of individuals over multiple time points?
Which design in developmental psychology examines the development of the same group of individuals over multiple time points?
In a gene-environment interaction, the effects of genes depend on:
In a gene-environment interaction, the effects of genes depend on:
Which debate emphasizes that both genes and environment are crucial in shaping development?
Which debate emphasizes that both genes and environment are crucial in shaping development?
What refers to a design in which researchers examine individuals of different ages at a single point in time?
What refers to a design in which researchers examine individuals of different ages at a single point in time?
What factor makes the Longitudinal Design in developmental psychology costly and time-consuming?
What factor makes the Longitudinal Design in developmental psychology costly and time-consuming?
Which situation describes a gene-environment interaction?
Which situation describes a gene-environment interaction?
What is a common issue faced by Cross Sectional Designs in developmental psychology?
What is a common issue faced by Cross Sectional Designs in developmental psychology?
What is the term for dropping out of a longitudinal study before its completion?
What is the term for dropping out of a longitudinal study before its completion?
In Developmental Psychology, what is the false belief that just because one event happened before another, it caused it?
In Developmental Psychology, what is the false belief that just because one event happened before another, it caused it?
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Study Notes
Causal Fallacy
- The assumption that one event caused another because it occurred before is called the Causal Fallacy.
Developmental Psychology Designs
- Longitudinal Design: examines the same group of people on multiple occasions over time.
- Cross-Sectional Design: examines people of different ages at a single point in time.
- Longitudinal designs are vulnerable to attrition and are costly and time-consuming.
Gene-Environment Interaction
- The effect of genes depends on the environment.
- Gene-environment interaction highlights that both nature and nurture play crucial roles in shaping development.
Piaget's Theory
- Children's development involves radical reorganizations of thinking at specific development points.
- Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2 years, lack of Object Permanence and Deferred Imitation.
- Preoperational Stage: 2-7 years, associated with Egocentrism.
- Concrete Operations Stage: 7-11 years, associated with the ability to perform mental operations for actual physical events.
- Deferred Imitation is the ability to perform actions observed earlier, characteristic of the Sensorimotor Stage.
- Assimilation is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge.
- Accommodation follows when assimilated beliefs no longer fit with experience.
Moral Development
- Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage: focus on personal interests.
- Kohlberg's Conventional Stage: focus on societal values.
- Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage: focus on internal moral principles.
Attachment Theory
- Contact Comfort: the tendency to seek physical touch and comfort.
- Imprinting: a concept associated with contact comfort.
- Ainsworth's attachment categories:Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, Anxious-Avoidant, and Disorganized-Disoriented.
- Stranger Anxiety typically starts and peaks around 6-12 months.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
- Each stage has a unique challenge: Trust vs. Mistrust, Identity vs. Role Confusion, etc.
- During the stage of Developing an Identity, the main challenge adolescents face is exploring their identities.
Temperamental Styles
- Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess identified three temperamental styles: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm-Up.
- Easy: adaptable, gentle, and calm.
- Difficult: fussy, easily frustrated, and resistant to change.
- Slow-to-Warm-Up: disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusts.
Scaffolding
- The primary function of scaffolding in a learning environment is to provide temporary support and guidance.
Miscellaneous
- Menarche refers to the onset of menstruation in females.
- Spermarche refers to the first ejaculation in males.
- Egocentrism is an ability associated with the Preoperational Stage.
- Convoy refers to the emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest.
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