Human Development Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What fallacy arises when one assumes that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused the second event?

Cross-Sectional Fallacy

Attrition Fallacy

Post Hoc Fallacy (correct)

Cohort Fallacy

Which design in developmental psychology examines the same group of people on multiple occasions over time?

Longitudinal Design (correct)

Cohort Design

Sequential Design

Cross-Sectional Design

Which type of design in developmental psychology is vulnerable to cohort effects?

Mixed-Methods Design

Sequential Design

Cross-Sectional Design (correct)

Longitudinal Design

What debate emphasizes that both nature and nurture play crucial roles in shaping development?

Nature vs. Nurture Debate Signup and view all the answers

In a gene-environment interaction, the effect of genes depends on which factor?

Specific Environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drawback of longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?

High Attrition Rates Signup and view all the answers

Which type of design examines people of different ages at a single point in time?

Cross-Sectional Design Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist believed that children's development involves radical reorganizations of thinking at specific development points?

Jean Piaget Signup and view all the answers

At what age range do children typically move into the Concrete Operations Stage according to Piaget's theory?

7-11 years old Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, which stage lacks Object Permanence and Deferred Imitation?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is higher in women according to the text?

Estrogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the achievement of sexual maturation resulting in the potential to reproduce largely due to hormonal release called in the text?

Puberty Signup and view all the answers

'Deferred Imitation' refers to the ability to perform action observed earlier. Which stage in Piaget's theory is associated with this ability?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

'Egocentrism' is an ability associated with which stage in Piaget's theory?

Preoperational Stage Signup and view all the answers

'Assimilation' is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge. What follows when assimilated beliefs no longer fit with experience?

'Accommodation' Signup and view all the answers

'Conversation' is a Piagetian task requiring children to understand that despite a transformation, the amount remains the same. It is associated with which stage?

'Preoperational Stage' Signup and view all the answers

'Menarche' refers to the onset of menstruation. What is the corresponding term for male's first ejaculation?

'Spermarche' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge of adolescence according to Erik Erikson?

Developing an identity Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of moral development do individuals focus on societal values according to Kohlberg?

Conventional Signup and view all the answers

At what age does Stranger Anxiety typically start and peak according to the text?

8-9 months, peaks at 12-15 months Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the temperamental styles identified by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess?

Reactive Infants: hyperactive and extroverted Signup and view all the answers

What is the emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest called?

Attachment Signup and view all the answers

In Ainsworth's attachment categories, which group reacts with panic and shows mixed reactions upon return of the caregiver?

Insecure-Anxious Attachment Signup and view all the answers

Who conducted research on infant monkeys to study attachment behavior based on contact comfort?

Harry Harlow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major stage of Erikson's comprehensive model of psychosocial development?

Developing a Secure Attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?

Internal moral principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the key concept behind scaffolding in a learning environment?

Gradually reducing support as children improve Signup and view all the answers

In early social development, when does stranger anxiety typically peak?

8-9 months Signup and view all the answers

According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being fussy and easily frustrated?

Difficult Infants Signup and view all the answers

In attachment theory, which category describes infants who react with panic upon the return of their caregiver?

Insecure-Anxious Attachment Signup and view all the answers

During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?

Forming a clear understanding of who they are Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus during Kohlberg's Postconventional stage of moral development?

Relying on internal moral principles Signup and view all the answers

Imprinting is a concept associated with:

Attachment theory Signup and view all the answers

'Contact Comfort' refers to:

Positive emotions resulting from touch Signup and view all the answers

What is the milestone of the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?

Mental Representation Signup and view all the answers

In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories, what is the process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience called?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of learning in Jean Piaget's cognitive development theories?

Physical experience Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Highlights social and cultural influences Signup and view all the answers

'Menarche' refers to which event in female development?

Onset of menstruation Signup and view all the answers

'Spermarche' is associated with which event in male development?

'First ejaculation' Signup and view all the answers

'Deferred Imitation' is a milestone in which of Piaget's cognitive development stages?

'Sensorimotor' Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary drawback of using a cross-sectional design in developmental psychology?

Limited to examining one group at different points in time Signup and view all the answers

In the nature-nurture debate, what does the Gene-Environment Interaction highlight?

Dependence of gene effects on the environment they are expressed in Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge faced when using longitudinal designs in developmental psychology?

Cost and time constraints Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential issue with assuming the occurrence of an event caused another event due to sequencing in a study?

Fallacy of post hoc reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the nature-nurture debate from being an 'either-or' issue?

Both nature and nurture contribute to development Signup and view all the answers

In developmental psychology, what is a major concern related to the vulnerability of longitudinal designs?

Attrition bias Signup and view all the answers

Why are cross-sectional designs susceptible to cohort effects?

Because they examine different age groups at one point in time Signup and view all the answers

'Attrition' is a common concern in longitudinal designs. What does attrition refer to in this context?

The potential loss of participants over time Signup and view all the answers

How do gene-environment interactions relate to the impact of genes on human development?

They emphasize that the effects of genes depend on the environmental context. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes longitudinal designs from cross-sectional designs when examining human development?

Longitudinal designs observe the same group of individuals over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of scaffolding in a learning environment?

To gradually remove support as children improve Signup and view all the answers

At what age range do infants typically start developing an interest in other people?

4-6 months Signup and view all the answers

According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which temperamental style is characterized by being disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusting?

Slow to Warm up Infants Signup and view all the answers

What kind of attachment style is characterized by showing inconsistent and confused reactions to the departure and return of a caregiver?

Disorganized Attachment Signup and view all the answers

During Erikson's stage of Developing an Identity, what is the main challenge that adolescents face?

Discovering who they are and their priorities Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's Moral Development, which stage focuses on internal moral principles?

Postconventional Stage Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Harry Harlow's research on infant monkeys primarily emphasize?

'Contact Comfort' Signup and view all the answers

'Imprinting' as observed in baby birds primarily involves:

Following any moving object after hatching Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, which developmental stage occurs between ages 18-25?

Emerging Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Kohlberg's Conventional Stage of Moral Development?

Societal values Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development and Lev Vygotsky's theory?

Piaget focused on biological maturation, while Vygotsky emphasized social and cultural influences. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Piaget's view on cognitive development stages?

Radical reorganizations happen during cognitive development stages. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Piaget's Preoperational Stage from the Concrete Operations Stage?

Preoperational has no conservation abilities, while Concrete Operations can understand transformations in amounts. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is a secondary sex characteristic according to the text?

Deepening of voice Signup and view all the answers

What is the major milestone of Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?

Mental representation Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of cognitive development do children begin to understand that objects continue to exist even when out of sight?

Sensorimotor Stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driver of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget's theory?

Biological maturation Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the ability to perform mental operations only for actual physical events?

Concrete Operations Stage Signup and view all the answers

What does Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development primarily focus on?

Cultural and social influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinguishing feature between primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics?

Primary sex characteristics are related to reproduction, while secondary sex characteristics are not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the false assumption that if one event occurred before another, it must have caused the second event?

Post Hoc Fallacy Signup and view all the answers

Which design in developmental psychology examines the development of the same group of individuals over multiple time points?

Longitudinal Design Signup and view all the answers

In a gene-environment interaction, the effects of genes depend on:

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which debate emphasizes that both genes and environment are crucial in shaping development?

Nature vs Nurture Debate Signup and view all the answers

What refers to a design in which researchers examine individuals of different ages at a single point in time?

Cross Sectional Design Signup and view all the answers

What factor makes the Longitudinal Design in developmental psychology costly and time-consuming?

Attrition Signup and view all the answers

Which situation describes a gene-environment interaction?

Genes and environment both contribute to behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by Cross Sectional Designs in developmental psychology?

Cohort Effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for dropping out of a longitudinal study before its completion?

Attrition Signup and view all the answers

In Developmental Psychology, what is the false belief that just because one event happened before another, it caused it?

Post Hoc Fallacy Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Causal Fallacy

The assumption that one event caused another because it occurred before is called the Causal Fallacy.

Developmental Psychology Designs

Longitudinal Design: examines the same group of people on multiple occasions over time.
Cross-Sectional Design: examines people of different ages at a single point in time.
Longitudinal designs are vulnerable to attrition and are costly and time-consuming.

Gene-Environment Interaction

The effect of genes depends on the environment.
Gene-environment interaction highlights that both nature and nurture play crucial roles in shaping development.

Piaget's Theory

Children's development involves radical reorganizations of thinking at specific development points.
Sensorimotor Stage: 0-2 years, lack of Object Permanence and Deferred Imitation.
Preoperational Stage: 2-7 years, associated with Egocentrism.
Concrete Operations Stage: 7-11 years, associated with the ability to perform mental operations for actual physical events.
Deferred Imitation is the ability to perform actions observed earlier, characteristic of the Sensorimotor Stage.
Assimilation is the process of absorbing new experiences into current knowledge.
Accommodation follows when assimilated beliefs no longer fit with experience.

Moral Development

Kohlberg's Preconventional Stage: focus on personal interests.
Kohlberg's Conventional Stage: focus on societal values.
Kohlberg's Postconventional Stage: focus on internal moral principles.

Attachment Theory

Contact Comfort: the tendency to seek physical touch and comfort.
Imprinting: a concept associated with contact comfort.
Ainsworth's attachment categories:Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, Anxious-Avoidant, and Disorganized-Disoriented.
Stranger Anxiety typically starts and peaks around 6-12 months.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development

Each stage has a unique challenge: Trust vs. Mistrust, Identity vs. Role Confusion, etc.
During the stage of Developing an Identity, the main challenge adolescents face is exploring their identities.

Temperamental Styles

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess identified three temperamental styles: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm-Up.
Easy: adaptable, gentle, and calm.
Difficult: fussy, easily frustrated, and resistant to change.
Slow-to-Warm-Up: disturbed by new stimuli but gradually adjusts.

Scaffolding

The primary function of scaffolding in a learning environment is to provide temporary support and guidance.

Miscellaneous

Menarche refers to the onset of menstruation in females.
Spermarche refers to the first ejaculation in males.
Egocentrism is an ability associated with the Preoperational Stage.
Convoy refers to the emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest.

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Description

Explore the challenges in studying human development, including issues like Post Hoc Fallacy, as well as different designs used in Development Psychology such as Cross Sectional Design. Enhance your understanding of how behavior changes over time.