Podcast
Questions and Answers
Match the following substances with their respective functions in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
Match the following substances with their respective functions in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
Renin = Converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) = Converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II Angiotensin I = Stimulating adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Angiotensin II = Converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Match the following physiological effects with the correct hormone/peptide:
Match the following physiological effects with the correct hormone/peptide:
Vasopressin = Triggering activity of posterior pituitary gland Aldosterone = Enhancing sympathetic activity Angiotensin II = Water and ion reabsorption ADH = Stimulating adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
Match the following conditions with the corresponding blood pressure ranges:
Match the following conditions with the corresponding blood pressure ranges:
JNC 7 = At least SBP 140-159 mmHg and DBP 90-99 mmHg 2017 ACC/AHA = At least SBP 130-139 mmHg and DBP 80-99 mmHg Hypertension = At least SBP 160 mmHg and DBP 100 mmHg Normal Blood Pressure = At least SBP 120-129 mmHg and DBP 80-89 mmHg
Match the following factors with their Influence on Hypertension:
Match the following factors with their Influence on Hypertension:
Match the following types of hypertension with their respective causes:
Match the following types of hypertension with their respective causes:
Match the following complications with their respective conditions:
Match the following complications with their respective conditions:
Match the following substances with their respective functions in the circulatory pathway:
Match the following substances with their respective functions in the circulatory pathway:
Match the following hormones/peptides with their respective functions in blood pressure regulation:
Match the following hormones/peptides with their respective functions in blood pressure regulation:
Match the following cardiac conditions with their respective effects on blood pressure:
Match the following cardiac conditions with their respective effects on blood pressure:
Match the following physiological effects with their respective conditions:
Match the following physiological effects with their respective conditions:
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Study Notes
Heart and Blood Vessels
- Aorta: largest artery, carries blood from heart to circulatory system
- Superior vena cava: large, valveless vein, conveys venous blood from upper body to right atrium
- Right atrium: receives oxygen-poor blood from body, pumps it to right ventricle
- Inferior vena cava: large blood vessel, transports deoxygenated blood from lower extremities and abdomen to right atrium
Heart Valves and Chambers
- Tricuspid valve: controls blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle
- Right ventricle: responsible for pumping blood to lungs for oxygenation
- Pulmonary valve: controls flow of oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs
- Ventricular septum: triangular partition between heart's ventricles
- Left ventricle: main chamber, pumps oxygen-rich blood into aorta
- Bicuspid valve: controls blood flow from left ventricle to aorta
- Left atrium: receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs, empties into left ventricle
- Aortic valve: final valve encountered by oxygenated blood leaving heart
Blood Vessels and Circulation
- Pulmonary trunk: artery connecting heart to lungs
- Pulmonary vein: blood vessel transferring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
- Pericardium: two-layered sac surrounding heart, providing mechanical protection and lubrication
Blood Pressure and Circulation
- Blood pressure: force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls
- Arteries: carry oxygenated blood, highest pressure
- Veins: carry deoxygenated blood, lowest pressure
- Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
- Heart rate: number of heartbeats per minute
- Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped by heart per contraction
- Cardiac preload: volume of blood in heart at end of diastole
- Systemic vascular resistance: resistance to blood flow, determined by arteriole tone
Blood Pressure Regulation
- Baroreceptor reflex: short-term blood pressure regulation
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): long-term blood pressure regulation
- Hypertension: consistently high blood pressure, diagnosed as ≥140/90 mmHg (JNC 7) or ≥130/80 mmHg (2017 ACC/AHA)
Hypertension Etiology and Complications
- Primary hypertension: unknown cause, accounts for 90%-95% of cases
- Influenceable factors: obesity, stress, salt intake, etc.
- Non-influenceable factors: family history, insulin resistance, age, etc.
- Secondary hypertension: caused by underlying medical conditions
- Complications: congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, renal disease, etc.
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