Human Circulatory System

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Questions and Answers

Match the following substances with their respective functions in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:

Renin = Converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) = Converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II Angiotensin I = Stimulating adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Angiotensin II = Converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Match the following physiological effects with the correct hormone/peptide:

Vasopressin = Triggering activity of posterior pituitary gland Aldosterone = Enhancing sympathetic activity Angiotensin II = Water and ion reabsorption ADH = Stimulating adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Match the following conditions with the corresponding blood pressure ranges:

JNC 7 = At least SBP 140-159 mmHg and DBP 90-99 mmHg 2017 ACC/AHA = At least SBP 130-139 mmHg and DBP 80-99 mmHg Hypertension = At least SBP 160 mmHg and DBP 100 mmHg Normal Blood Pressure = At least SBP 120-129 mmHg and DBP 80-89 mmHg

Match the following factors with their Influence on Hypertension:

Obesity = Influenceable Factor Family history = Non-influenceable Factor Stress = Influenceable Factor Insulin resistance = Influenceable Factor Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of hypertension with their respective causes:

Primary Hypertension = Unknown genesis Secondary Hypertension = Hypertension due to another medical condition Renal Hypertension = Hypertension due to renal disease Essential Hypertension = Hypertension due to hormonal defects Signup and view all the answers

Match the following complications with their respective conditions:

Congestive heart failure = Complication of Hypertension Coronary artery disease = Complication of Hypertension Aneurysm = Complication of Cardiac Contraction Retinal disease = Complication of Cardiac Output Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substances with their respective functions in the circulatory pathway:

Angiotensin II = Vasoconstriction Angiotensin I = Vasodilation ACE = Converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II Renin = Stimulating adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones/peptides with their respective functions in blood pressure regulation:

Angiotensin II = Enhancing sympathetic activity Vasopressin = Triggering activity of posterior pituitary gland Aldosterone = Water and ion reabsorption ADH = Stimulating adrenal cortex to release aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cardiac conditions with their respective effects on blood pressure:

Cardiac Contraction = Increased cardiac output Cardiac Failure = Decreased cardiac output Cardiomyopathy = Increased cardiac output Coronary artery disease = Decreased cardiac output Signup and view all the answers

Match the following physiological effects with their respective conditions:

Arteriolar vasoconstriction = Effect of Angiotensin II Water and ion reabsorption = Effect of Aldosterone Enhancing sympathetic activity = Effect of Angiotensin II Triggering activity of posterior pituitary gland = Effect of Vasopressin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Heart and Blood Vessels

Aorta: largest artery, carries blood from heart to circulatory system
Superior vena cava: large, valveless vein, conveys venous blood from upper body to right atrium
Right atrium: receives oxygen-poor blood from body, pumps it to right ventricle
Inferior vena cava: large blood vessel, transports deoxygenated blood from lower extremities and abdomen to right atrium

Heart Valves and Chambers

Tricuspid valve: controls blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle
Right ventricle: responsible for pumping blood to lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary valve: controls flow of oxygen-poor blood from heart to lungs
Ventricular septum: triangular partition between heart's ventricles
Left ventricle: main chamber, pumps oxygen-rich blood into aorta
Bicuspid valve: controls blood flow from left ventricle to aorta
Left atrium: receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs, empties into left ventricle
Aortic valve: final valve encountered by oxygenated blood leaving heart

Blood Vessels and Circulation

Pulmonary trunk: artery connecting heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein: blood vessel transferring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Pericardium: two-layered sac surrounding heart, providing mechanical protection and lubrication

Blood Pressure and Circulation

Blood pressure: force exerted by blood on blood vessel walls
Arteries: carry oxygenated blood, highest pressure
Veins: carry deoxygenated blood, lowest pressure
Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
Heart rate: number of heartbeats per minute
Stroke volume: volume of blood pumped by heart per contraction
Cardiac preload: volume of blood in heart at end of diastole
Systemic vascular resistance: resistance to blood flow, determined by arteriole tone

Blood Pressure Regulation

Baroreceptor reflex: short-term blood pressure regulation
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): long-term blood pressure regulation
Hypertension: consistently high blood pressure, diagnosed as ≥140/90 mmHg (JNC 7) or ≥130/80 mmHg (2017 ACC/AHA)

Hypertension Etiology and Complications

Primary hypertension: unknown cause, accounts for 90%-95% of cases
Influenceable factors: obesity, stress, salt intake, etc.
Non-influenceable factors: family history, insulin resistance, age, etc.
Secondary hypertension: caused by underlying medical conditions
Complications: congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, renal disease, etc.

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Description

This quiz covers the key components of the human circulatory system, including arteries, veins, and heart chambers. Learn about the functions of the aorta, superior vena cava, right atrium, and inferior vena cava.