Human Circulatory System Overview

To carry blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver.

Arterial pulse refers to the alternating expansion and recoil of blood vessel walls as the heart beats, measured at superficial arteries.

Blood pressure is determined by the force exerted by circulating blood on the vessel walls and the resistance of the blood vessels.

<p>The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory rate indicates lung function and overall respiratory health, reflecting the body's metabolic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulse can be easily palpated in arteries like the radial, carotid, and femoral, significant for assessing heart rate and circulatory health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spleen filters blood and produces immune responses, with its veins draining into the hepatic portal vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal resting heart rate range is 70 to 76 beats per minute, indicating good cardiovascular fitness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases heart rate and contractile force to enhance cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood volume reduces venous return, while increased blood volume enhances it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary beds facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste between tissues and blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a decrease in epinephrine and thyroxine, leading to a reduction in sympathetic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries and arterioles transport blood away from the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise typically increases blood pressure and enhances cardiac output due to increased sympathetic activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vagus nerve, part of the parasympathetic system, decreases heart rate and promotes relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate; higher stroke volume leads to greater cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary mechanism is diffusion, where substances move along concentration gradients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure forces fluid and solutes out of capillaries, while osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Direct diffusion through membranes, 2. Diffusion through intercellular clefts, 3. Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries, 4. Transport via vesicles.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial fluid acts as the medium through which gases and nutrients diffuse between blood and tissue cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon dioxide and wastes move from tissue cells to the blood due to established concentration gradients favoring diffusion toward lower concentration areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fenestrated capillaries have pores that allow for increased permeability and rapid exchange of nutrients and gases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct diffusion occurs across the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes, while other mechanisms involve gaps or pores in the capillary wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proper blood pressure regulation ensures adequate blood flow and nutrient delivery to tissues, maintaining their health and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sinoatrial (SA) node initiates each heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node, is delayed briefly, then passes through the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers to stimulate ventricular contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The AV node serves to delay the electrical impulse from the atria before it moves to the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purkinje fibers are specialized conductive fibers located within the ventricle wall muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The AV bundle transmits the electrical impulse from the AV node to the bundle branches and then to the Purkinje fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brachial artery is occluded, preventing blood flow into the arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The occlusion stops the blood flow, eliminating any sounds from the brachial artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It confirms that the cuff pressure is sufficient to temporarily close the artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood starts to flow again, and Korotkoff sounds may be heard as the systolic pressure is reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ensures accurate pressure application on the brachial artery to obtain reliable readings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Starling's law, increased stretching of cardiac muscle leads to stronger contractions, thereby increasing stroke volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system speeds up heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system, mainly via the vagus nerve, slows it down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The muscular pump aids in venous return by facilitating blood flow back to the heart through muscle contractions during movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical factors such as age, gender, exercise, and body temperature can lead to variations in heart rate due to differing metabolic demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine increases heart rate by stimulating the heart, particularly during stress or excitement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anterior and middle cerebral arteries supply most of the cerebrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basilar artery forms from the joining of the vertebral arteries within the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ventricles contract, intraventricular pressure increases to surpass arterial pressure, opening the semilunar valves and ejecting blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marks the beginning of ventricular diastole where ventricular pressure falls and the semilunar valves close, allowing the heart to prepare for the next heartbeat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The posterior cerebral arteries form from the division of the basilar artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are connected by small communicating arterial branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart sounds are produced by the closure of the AV valves (lub) and semilunar valves (dup) as blood flows through the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The common name for the cerebral arterial circle is the circle of Willis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute, calculated as CO = HR x SV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart murmurs, or abnormal heart sounds, can indicate turbulent blood flow and may suggest underlying heart issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The middle cerebral artery is primarily responsible for supplying the temporal lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The anterior communicating artery connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical stroke volume is about 70 ml per contraction, and the average heart rate is around 75 beats per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The AV valves open, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles in preparation for the next contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The internal carotid arteries nourish the cerebrum, while the vertebral arteries nourish the brain stem and cerebellum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood ejection occurs during the ventricular systole phase, where the ventricular contraction raises pressure above that in the arteries, opening the semilunar valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ductus venosus allows blood to bypass the liver and flow directly into the inferior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At birth, the foramen ovale closes, and blood flow shifts from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ductus arteriosus closes and transforms into the ligamentum arteriosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal blood bypasses the lungs because the fetus receives oxygenated blood through the placenta instead of breathing air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foramen ovale directly links the right atrium to the left atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ductus venosus facilitates the transfer of oxygen-rich blood from the placenta directly into the inferior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brachiocephalic trunk supplies blood to the right arm and the head, branching into the right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary trunk to the right and left pulmonary arteries leading to the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The left coronary artery supplies blood to the left atrium and ventricle, while the right coronary artery primarily supplies the right atrium and ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which connects the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch in fetal circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The apex of the heart is the pointed end of the heart where the left ventricle is located, and it plays a key role in the contraction and pumping efficiency of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, while pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins after gas exchange in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The systemic circuit transports oxygen-rich blood to body tissues, whereas the pulmonary circuit carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The venae cavae are crucial for returning oxygen-poor blood from the body back to the right atrium of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissue cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The aorta distributes oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circuit to supply the rest of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The right ventricle pumps oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary arteries, directing it to the lungs for gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic and diastolic pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure decreases as the distance from the heart increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It often uses the auscultatory method in the brachial artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flows along a descending pressure gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ventricles continue to contract, intraventricular pressure surpasses the pressure in major arteries, and blood is ejected from the ventricles as the semilunar valves open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During isovolumetric relaxation, ventricles begin diastole, pressure falls below arterial pressure, and semilunar valves close, making the ventricles temporarily closed chambers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic pressure is higher due to ventricular contraction, while diastolic pressure is lower during relaxation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Lub' is a longer, louder sound due to the closing of AV valves, while 'Dup' is a shorter, sharper sound from the closure of semilunar valves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood pressure decreases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac output is calculated as CO = HR x SV; with typical values around 5.25 L/min, based on a heart rate of 75 beats/min and a stroke volume of 70 ml/beat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps assess cardiovascular health and identify potential issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turbulent blood flow can indicate a potential underlying heart problem, and it produces sounds known as heart murmurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial pressure must increase above intraventricular pressure for the AV valves to open, allowing blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per contraction, typically around 70 ml for the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During isovolumetric relaxation, the ventricles become fully closed chambers, allowing pressure to decrease before they refill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It signifies the systolic pressure, the pressure at which the first sounds are heard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No sound is audible when the pressure in the cuff is below 70 mm Hg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These sounds indicate the transition from no blood flow to blood spurting through the constricted artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sounds become louder and more distinct until blood flows freely and the sounds disappear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It represents a state where the artery is completely open, with no constriction remaining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Systolic pressure is measured when the first soft tapping sounds are heard as cuff pressure is reduced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stethoscope is used to auscultate sounds in the brachial artery indicating blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This range is crucial for accurately determining systolic and diastolic pressures and assessing cardiovascular health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A diet low in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol is believed to prevent hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal systolic pressure ranges from 110 to 140 mm Hg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotension is defined as low blood pressure, specifically a systolic reading below 100 mm Hg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension is sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemicals such as renin increase blood viscosity and contribute to vasoconstriction, leading to elevated blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sympathetic nervous system stimulates increased heart rate and stroke volume, thereby increasing blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased stroke volume and heart rate result in elevated cardiac output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Postural changes can affect blood volume distribution, impacting blood pressure and potentially leading to orthostatic hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers