Human Body Systems and Cellular Components

Organ Systems

• 11 major organ systems in the human body:
  • Nervous system
  • Circulatory system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Endocrine system
  • Immune system
  • Integumentary system
  • Muscular system
  • Skeletal system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system

Cellular Level

• Basic components of a cell:
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
• Cell membrane functions:
  • Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
  • Maintains cell shape
  • Provides support and structure

Tissue Level

• 4 primary tissue types:
  • Epithelial tissue (covers body surfaces, lines cavities)
  • Connective tissue (supports and connects other tissues)
  • Muscle tissue (contracts to produce movement)
  • Nervous tissue (transmits and processes information)

Organ Level

• Organs composed of 2 or more tissue types
• Examples:
  • Heart (muscle and connective tissue)
  • Liver (epithelial and connective tissue)

Homeostasis

• Ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment
• Negative feedback mechanisms:
  • Detect changes in the body
  • Counteract changes to maintain homeostasis
• Examples:
  • Thermoregulation (body temperature)
  • Blood sugar regulation

Body Cavities

• 2 main body cavities:
  • Dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal cavities)
  • Ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities)
• Body cavities contain and protect internal organs

Directional Terms

• Used to describe body parts and their relationships
• Examples:
  • Anterior (front)
  • Posterior (back)
  • Proximal (near the point of attachment)
  • Distal (far from the point of attachment)
  • Superior (above)
  • Inferior (below)
  • Medial (toward the midline)
  • Lateral (away from the midline)

Organ Systems

• 11 major organ systems in the human body, including:
  • Nervous system
  • Circulatory system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Endocrine system
  • Immune system
  • Integumentary system
  • Muscular system
  • Skeletal system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system

Cellular Level

Cell Structure

• Plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and maintains cell shape
• Cytoplasm provides mechanical support and helps move materials within the cell
• Nucleus contains genetic material
• Mitochondria generate energy for the cell

Cellular Function

• Cell membrane functions include:
  • Regulating what enters and leaves the cell
  • Maintaining cell shape
  • Providing support and structure

Tissue Level

Tissue Types

• 4 primary tissue types:
  • Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities
  • Connective tissue supports and connects other tissues
  • Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement
  • Nervous tissue transmits and processes information

Organ Level

Organ Composition

• Organs are composed of 2 or more tissue types
• Examples:
  • Heart consists of muscle and connective tissue
  • Liver consists of epithelial and connective tissue

Homeostasis

Definition

• Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

Negative Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative feedback mechanisms detect changes in the body and counteract changes to maintain homeostasis
• Examples:
  • Thermoregulation maintains body temperature
  • Blood sugar regulation maintains blood sugar levels

Body Cavities

Body Cavity Types

• 2 main body cavities:
  • Dorsal cavity includes cranial and spinal cavities
  • Ventral cavity includes thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

Body Cavity Functions

• Body cavities contain and protect internal organs

Directional Terms

Directional Terms List

• Directional terms are used to describe body parts and their relationships
• Examples:
  • Anterior refers to the front of the body
  • Posterior refers to the back of the body
  • Proximal refers to the point near the point of attachment
  • Distal refers to the point far from the point of attachment
  • Superior refers to the point above
  • Inferior refers to the point below
  • Medial refers to the point toward the midline
  • Lateral refers to the point away from the midline

This quiz covers the 11 major organ systems in the human body and the basic components of a cell, including their functions. Test your knowledge of the human body from systems to cellular level!