Questions and Answers
Make up the body’s structures, and the interactions of them with one another are responsible for the body’s functions
chemicals
The scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition and structure of substances and the reaction they undergo
chemistry
Anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
Amount of matter in an object
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Amount of matter in an object
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Gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
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Simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties
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Smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that elements
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Tendency of particles to be attracted to each other or repulsed from each other
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number of protons in each atom
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number of protons plus the number of neutrons
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Do not have an electrical charge
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Have positive charges
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Have negative charges
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Occurs when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions
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Forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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four type of covalent bonding
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The positive end of one polar molecule can be weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule
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Formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit
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A substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms
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When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate from each other because the positively charged ions are attracted to the negative ends of water molecules.
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The dissociated ions are sometimes called
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formation or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds.
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The substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called
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the substances that result from the chemical reaction are called the
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capacity to do work - that is, to move matter
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stored energy
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energy caused by the movement
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form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds
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Differ from one another in their ability to undergo chemical reactions
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The greater this is of the reaction, the greater the rate at which a chemical reaction will occur
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The rate of chemical reaction is partially dependent on -
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a proton donor
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a proton acceptor
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a compound consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-
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a chemical that resists changes in pH when either acid or a base is added to a solution
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measure of H+ concentration of a solution
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equal number of H+ & OH-; pH of 7.0
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greater concentration of H+ than OH-; pH <7.0
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fewer H+ than OH-; pH >7
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Contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds
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provide the body with energy
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provide energy; immiscible in water
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regulate chemical reaction; structural components
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DNA & RNA
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Non-carbon containing substances
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involved in the extraction of energy from food molecules
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by-product of the breakdown of food molecules
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universal solvent; stabilizes body temp.; transports many substances
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Study Notes
Body Structure and Function
- Body structures and their interactions drive physiological functions.
- Chemical composition and reactions of substances are studied in chemistry.
Matter and Mass
- Matter occupies space and possesses mass.
- Mass is the quantity of matter within an object.
- Weight is the gravitational force acting on a mass.
Atoms and Elements
- Elements are the simplest matter with distinct chemical properties.
- Atoms are the smallest particles of an element, exhibiting its chemical characteristics.
Atomic Interactions
- Particles exhibit attraction or repulsion tendencies.
- Atomic number equals the number of protons in an atom.
- Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Electrical Charges
- Neutrons have no charge.
- Protons carry a positive charge.
- Electrons possess a negative charge.
Chemical Bonding
- Ionic bonding occurs when electrons transfer between atoms, forming oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bonding involves atoms sharing electron pairs.
- Four types of covalent bonds exist, contributing to molecular stability.
Molecular Interactions
- Polar molecules exhibit weak attractions due to positive and negative ends.
- Compounds form independent structures through chemical bonding.
- Molecule types include elements and compounds, the latter comprising diverse atoms.
Ionic Compounds and Solutions
- Dissolved ionic compounds separate into attracted ions when in water.
- Dissociated ions interact with water's polar molecules.
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of bonds among atoms.
- Reactants are the starting substances, while products are outcomes of reactions.
Energy Concepts
- Energy is the capacity to perform work or move matter.
- Potential energy is stored, such as in chemical bonds.
- Energy forms differ in their reactivity during chemical processes.
Reaction Rates
- Reaction rates increase with greater reaction concentrations.
- Factors affecting reaction speed include temperature and reactivity of substances.
Acids and Bases
- Acids act as proton donors, while bases act as proton acceptors.
- Salts consist of positively charged ions (other than H+) and negatively charged ions (other than OH-).
- Buffers resist pH changes in solutions.
pH Levels
- pH measures H+ ion concentration.
- Neutral solutions have equal H+ and OH- ions, with a pH of 7.0.
- Acids have a pH < 7.0 (more H+), while bases have a pH > 7.0 (fewer H+).
Organic Compounds
- Organic molecules contain carbon atoms linked by covalent bonds.
- Carbohydrates provide energy and are hydrophobic.
- Organic compounds regulate biochemical reactions and form structural components like DNA and RNA.
Inorganic Compounds
- Non-organic substances aid in energy extraction from food.
- By-products arise from food breakdown, contributing to metabolic processes.
- Water serves as a universal solvent, regulating body temperature and transporting substances.
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