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Questions and Answers
Make up the body’s structures, and the
interactions of them with one another are
responsible for the body’s functions
Make up the body’s structures, and the interactions of them with one another are responsible for the body’s functions
chemicals
The scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition and structure of substances and the reaction they undergo
The scientific discipline concerned with the atomic composition and structure of substances and the reaction they undergo
chemistry
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
Amount of matter in an object
Amount of matter in an object
Amount of matter in an object
Amount of matter in an object
Gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
Gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
Simplest type of matter
having unique chemical
properties
Simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties
Smallest particle of an
element that has the
chemical characteristics of
that elements
Smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that elements
Tendency of particles to be attracted to each other or repulsed from each other
Tendency of particles to be attracted to each other or repulsed from each other
number of protons in each atom
number of protons in each atom
number of protons plus the number of
neutrons
number of protons plus the number of neutrons
Do not have an electrical charge
Do not have an electrical charge
Have positive charges
Have positive charges
Have negative charges
Have negative charges
Occurs when electrons
are transferred between
atoms, creating
oppositely charged ions
Occurs when electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions
Forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Forms when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
four type of covalent bonding
four type of covalent bonding
The positive end of one polar molecule can be weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule
The positive end of one polar molecule can be weakly attracted to the negative end of another polar molecule
Formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit
Formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit
A substance resulting from the chemical
combination of two or more different types of atoms
A substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate from each other because the positively charged ions are attracted to the negative ends of water molecules.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, their ions separate from each other because the positively charged ions are attracted to the negative ends of water molecules.
The dissociated ions are sometimes called
The dissociated ions are sometimes called
formation or breaking
of chemical bonds between atoms, ions,
molecules, or compounds.
formation or breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds.
The substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called
The substances that enter into a chemical reaction are called
the substances that result from the chemical reaction are called the
the substances that result from the chemical reaction are called the
capacity to do work - that is,
to move matter
capacity to do work - that is, to move matter
stored energy
stored energy
energy caused by the movement
energy caused by the movement
form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds
form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Differ from one another in their ability
to undergo chemical reactions
Differ from one another in their ability to undergo chemical reactions
The greater this is of the reaction,
the greater the rate at which a chemical
reaction will occur
The greater this is of the reaction, the greater the rate at which a chemical reaction will occur
The rate of chemical reaction is
partially dependent on -
The rate of chemical reaction is partially dependent on -
a proton donor
a proton donor
a proton acceptor
a proton acceptor
a compound consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-
a compound consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-
a chemical that resists changes in pH when either acid or a base is added
to a solution
a chemical that resists changes in pH when either acid or a base is added to a solution
measure of H+ concentration of a solution
measure of H+ concentration of a solution
equal number of
H+ & OH-; pH of 7.0
equal number of H+ & OH-; pH of 7.0
greater
concentration of H+ than
OH-; pH <7.0
greater concentration of H+ than OH-; pH <7.0
fewer H+ than OH-;
pH >7
fewer H+ than OH-; pH >7
Contain carbon atoms bound together by
covalent bonds
Contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds
provide the body with energy
provide the body with energy
provide energy; immiscible in water
provide energy; immiscible in water
regulate chemical reaction; structural components
regulate chemical reaction; structural components
DNA & RNA
DNA & RNA
Non-carbon containing substances
Non-carbon containing substances
involved in the extraction of energy
from food molecules
involved in the extraction of energy from food molecules
by-product of the breakdown
of food molecules
by-product of the breakdown of food molecules
universal solvent; stabilizes body
temp.; transports many substances
universal solvent; stabilizes body temp.; transports many substances
Study Notes
Body Structure and Function
- Body structures and their interactions drive physiological functions.
- Chemical composition and reactions of substances are studied in chemistry.
Matter and Mass
- Matter occupies space and possesses mass.
- Mass is the quantity of matter within an object.
- Weight is the gravitational force acting on a mass.
Atoms and Elements
- Elements are the simplest matter with distinct chemical properties.
- Atoms are the smallest particles of an element, exhibiting its chemical characteristics.
Atomic Interactions
- Particles exhibit attraction or repulsion tendencies.
- Atomic number equals the number of protons in an atom.
- Atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Electrical Charges
- Neutrons have no charge.
- Protons carry a positive charge.
- Electrons possess a negative charge.
Chemical Bonding
- Ionic bonding occurs when electrons transfer between atoms, forming oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bonding involves atoms sharing electron pairs.
- Four types of covalent bonds exist, contributing to molecular stability.
Molecular Interactions
- Polar molecules exhibit weak attractions due to positive and negative ends.
- Compounds form independent structures through chemical bonding.
- Molecule types include elements and compounds, the latter comprising diverse atoms.
Ionic Compounds and Solutions
- Dissolved ionic compounds separate into attracted ions when in water.
- Dissociated ions interact with water's polar molecules.
Chemical Reactions
- Chemical reactions involve the formation or breaking of bonds among atoms.
- Reactants are the starting substances, while products are outcomes of reactions.
Energy Concepts
- Energy is the capacity to perform work or move matter.
- Potential energy is stored, such as in chemical bonds.
- Energy forms differ in their reactivity during chemical processes.
Reaction Rates
- Reaction rates increase with greater reaction concentrations.
- Factors affecting reaction speed include temperature and reactivity of substances.
Acids and Bases
- Acids act as proton donors, while bases act as proton acceptors.
- Salts consist of positively charged ions (other than H+) and negatively charged ions (other than OH-).
- Buffers resist pH changes in solutions.
pH Levels
- pH measures H+ ion concentration.
- Neutral solutions have equal H+ and OH- ions, with a pH of 7.0.
- Acids have a pH < 7.0 (more H+), while bases have a pH > 7.0 (fewer H+).
Organic Compounds
- Organic molecules contain carbon atoms linked by covalent bonds.
- Carbohydrates provide energy and are hydrophobic.
- Organic compounds regulate biochemical reactions and form structural components like DNA and RNA.
Inorganic Compounds
- Non-organic substances aid in energy extraction from food.
- By-products arise from food breakdown, contributing to metabolic processes.
- Water serves as a universal solvent, regulating body temperature and transporting substances.
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