Human Body Orientation and Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of physiology?

  • Study of function (correct)
  • Study of structure
  • Study of body systems
  • Study of diseases

Which set of directional terms is correctly defined?

  • Anterior - front; Posterior - back (correct)
  • Medial - away from midline; Lateral - toward midline
  • Superior - front; Inferior - back
  • Proximal - farther from attachment; Distal - closer to attachment

What type of tissue primarily provides support and protection?

  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Connective tissue (correct)
  • Epithelial tissue

Which of the following is NOT one of the skin layers?

<p>Myodermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>The maintenance of stable internal conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue provides the most protection?

<p>Stratified squamous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

<p>Digestion and nutrient absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?

<p>Midsagittal plane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body. Think of it like building a house, you're looking at the blueprint and individual parts.

Physiology

The study of the function of the body. Think of how the various parts work together.

Frontal Plane

A plane that divides the body into front and back portions.

Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into top and bottom portions.

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Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into left and right portions. A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal left and right halves.

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Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions regardless of external changes. It's like a thermostat keeping the room at a set temperature.

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Epithelial Tissue

A type of tissue that covers surfaces, protects, and performs absorption and secretion. Think of it as the 'skin' of your organs and body.

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Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that provides support, protection, and storage. Think of it as the 'glue' that holds everything together.

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Study Notes

Human Body Orientation and Anatomy

  • Anatomy studies structure. Physiology studies function.
  • Directional Terms:
    • Superior/Inferior: above/below
    • Anterior/Posterior: front/back
    • Medial/Lateral: toward/away from midline
    • Proximal/Distal: closer/farther from point of attachment
    • Superficial/Deep: near surface/deep inside
  • Regional Terms: Cephalic (head), cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), abdominal (stomach), pelvic (hips), pubic (genital), dorsal (back), upper/lower limbs.
  • Body Planes:
    • Frontal (coronal): divides front and back
    • Transverse: divides top & bottom
    • Sagittal: divides left & right (midsagittal = equal halves)
    • Oblique: diagonal cut
  • Body Cavities:
    • Dorsal: cranial (brain), vertebral (spinal cord)
    • Ventral: thoracic (heart, lungs), abdominopelvic (abdominal & pelvic organs)
  • Levels of Organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
  • Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions (like temperature and pH).

Cell and Tissue Classification

  • Tissue Types:
    • Epithelial: Covers surfaces, including squamous, cuboidal, and columnar (simple & stratified)
    • Connective: Supports, protects, stores (e.g., bone, blood, cartilage)
    • Muscle: Movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)
    • Nervous: Signal transmission (neurons, neuroglia)
  • Epithelial Tissue Naming: Based on cell layers (simple/stratified) and cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Integumentary System

  • Functions: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis, excretion/absorption
  • Skin Layers:
    • Epidermis: outer protection layer
    • Dermis: connective tissue (sensory & strength)
    • Hypodermis: fat layer (insulation)
  • Skin Color: Melanin, hemoglobin, & carotene contribute to pigmentation.
  • Hair, Nails, Glands:
    • Hair (protection)
    • Nails (protection)
    • Sebaceous/Sweat glands (excretion, cooling)
  • Diseases: Skin cancer (mutation → uncontrolled growth), burns (classified by depth), acne, psoriasis (inflammation, infection, or autoimmunity).

Skeletal System

  • Bone Anatomy/Histology:
    • Compact bone (osteons, osteocytes (in lacunae) and canaliculi. )

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