Human Body Organization Quiz

Chemical Level

• Molecules are neutral groups of two or more atoms bonded together.
• Chemical bonds are responsible for holding these molecules intact.

Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body

• Cell Level: Basic unit of life, containing organelles that perform specific functions.
• Tissue Level: Comprised of groups of similar cells and their surrounding material, determining tissue characteristics and function.
• Organ Level: Consists of multiple tissue types working together for a common function (e.g., stomach, heart).
• Organ System Level: Groups of organs performing related functions (e.g., urinary system includes kidneys and bladder).
• Organism Level: Any living entity, ranging from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms like humans.

Characteristics of Life

• Organization: Structured interrelationships among parts of an organism ensuring functionality.
• Metabolism: Utilization of energy for vital activities, including growth, movement, and reproduction.
• Responsiveness: Ability to detect and react to environmental changes.
• Growth: Increase in the size or number of cells.
• Development: Changes from fertilization to death, including differentiation into specialized cell types.
• Reproduction: Formation of new cells or organisms, essential for growth and tissue repair.

Homeostasis

• Defined as the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
• Key variables of homeostasis include temperature, fluid balance, pH, and ion concentrations.
• Homeostatic mechanisms like sweating and shivering help regulate body temperature.
• Negative Feedback: Mechanism involving receptors (sensors), control centers (e.g., brain), and effectors (e.g., sweat glands) that work to maintain equilibrium.
• Positive Feedback: Enhances the initial stimulus, leading to greater deviations from the set point.

Terminology and Body Planes

• Prefixes/Suffixes:
  • Bio- (life), Brady- (slow), Tachy- (fast), -ectomy (removal), -itis (inflammation), -scopy (viewing).
  • Hyper- (excessive), Hypo- (deficient).
• Body Positions:
  • Anatomical position: Erect stance with arms at sides and palms forward.
  • Supine: Lying face up; Prone: Lying face down.

Directional Terms

• Superior: Up; Inferior: Down.
• Anterior: Front; Posterior: Back.
• Proximal: Nearer to the trunk; Distal: Further from the trunk.
• Medial: Toward the midline; Lateral: Away from the midline.
• Superficial: Close to surface; Deep: Away from surface.

Body Regions and Cavities

• Central Region: Includes head, neck, and trunk, subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
• Thoracic Cavity: Houses heart and lungs; divided into pleural cavities for each lung and a mediastinum for the heart.
• Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains abdominal (e.g., stomach, liver) and pelvic organs (e.g., urinary bladder, reproductive organs).

Serous Membrane

• Double-layered membranes lining body cavities and covering organs.
• Visceral: Surrounds organs; Parietal: Lines cavity walls.
• Major types of cavities include:
  • Pericardial: Around the heart.
  • Pleural: Surrounding the lungs.
  • Peritoneal: Houses internal organs like the liver and digestive organs.
• Mesenteries: Double layers attaching intestines to the abdominal wall.

Inflammation of Serous Membranes

• Conditions include:
  • Pericarditis (heart), Pleurisy (lungs), Peritonitis (abdominal cavity).