Human Biology Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for HCV?

Oral contact with contaminated water

Sexual contact with an infected partner

Inhalation of infected respiratory droplets

Percutaneous exposures, particularly through injection drug use (correct)

Which cells in the pancreatic islets are primarily responsible for insulin production?

Delta cells

Alpha cells

Acinar cells

Beta cells (correct)

What is the role of acinar cells in the pancreas?

Store bile for digestion

Regulate blood glucose levels

Release hormones into the bloodstream

Synthesize digestive enzymes (correct)

What is the main anatomical feature that drains pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum?

Main pancreatic duct of Wirsung Signup and view all the answers

What is the rank of colorectal cancer among commonly diagnosed cancers in the United States?

Third Signup and view all the answers

What does a venous hum indicate regarding blood circulation?

Increased collateral circulation Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is indicated by the presence of a hepatic bruit?

Hepatic cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

When auscultating for bowel sounds, how long should you listen before concluding they are absent?

2 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What does tympany over the gastric air bubble typically indicate?

Presence of air Signup and view all the answers

During light palpation of the abdomen, what should be identified?

Superficial organs and areas of tenderness Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the presence of arterial bruits with both systolic and diastolic components?

Partial occlusion of large arteries Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a rare finding that points to situs inversus?

Organ reversal with liver on the right Signup and view all the answers

What technique is employed during light palpation of the abdomen?

Gentle dipping motion with flat fingers Signup and view all the answers

What does borborygmi indicate in the gastrointestinal tract?

Prolonged gurgles or rumbling due to hyperperistalsis Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of tympany throughout a protuberant abdomen suggest?

Intestinal obstruction or paralytic ileus Signup and view all the answers

What condition might be indicated by dull areas suggesting possible ascites?

Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when identifying abdominal bruits during examination?

Listen for turbulent flow over the aorta Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible associated condition with the presence of friction rubs?

Pancreatic carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What might dullness in both flanks during abdominal percussion indicate?

Presence of ascites Signup and view all the answers

What does scattered dullness in the abdomen typically suggest?

Underlying mass or enlarged organ Signup and view all the answers

What should be noted when percussion reveals a change from tympany to dullness?

Presence of solid posterior structures Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Immune-Active Phase of iron overload?

High ALT and active inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which iron accumulation amount is typically seen in cases of excessive body iron?

50 gm Signup and view all the answers

In which phase is HBsAg positive and minimal inflammation noted?

Inactive Carrier Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is often a consequence of fully developed hemochromatosis in patients?

Cirrhosis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with autoimmune hepatitis?

Increased iron storage in tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which viral infection is known for causing infectious mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for autoimmune hepatitis?

Corticosteroids and azathioprine Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of patients with hemochromatosis typically develops diabetes mellitus?

75% to 80% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary location of the sphincter of Oddi?

In the second part of the duodenum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a strong risk factor for colorectal cancer?

Increased tobacco use Signup and view all the answers

What is the most effective prevention strategy for colorectal cancer?

Screening for and removing adenomatous polyps Signup and view all the answers

What do cuboidal cells lining the smaller ductules secrete?

Bicarbonate-rich fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the CFTR protein expressed by columnar cells lining larger ducts?

Affects the viscosity of pancreatic secretions Signup and view all the answers

Which screening method is used to detect colorectal cancer early?

Fecal blood testing Signup and view all the answers

What catastrophic event can occur due to autodigestion of the pancreas?

Pancreatitis Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive system is the sphincter of Oddi located relative to the pylorus?

Approximately 7-10 cm from the pylorus Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical reason for differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from neoplasia?

Autoimmune pancreatitis can respond to steroid therapy. Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation is commonly associated with invasive neoplasms arising from mucinous cystic neoplasms?

TP53 mutation Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates a pancreatic pseudocyst from other pancreatic cysts?

Formation due to fibrosis and granulation tissue Signup and view all the answers

In which population are intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) more frequently found?

Men Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is used to differentiate intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from mucinous cystic neoplasms?

The absence of dense 'ovarian' stroma Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of pancreatic cysts are pancreatic pseudocysts?

75% Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonly observed mutation in mucinous cystic neoplasms?

KRAS mutation Signup and view all the answers

How many years do patients with an invasive adenocarcinoma arising in a mucinous pancreatic carcinoma typically succumb to their disease?

5 years Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gastrointestinal System 2

Jaundice (icterus) is a yellowish discoloration of skin and sclerae caused by elevated bilirubin levels.
Jaundice is usually noticeable when plasma bilirubin exceeds 3 mg/dL.
Jaundice can have a greenish tinge if bilirubin is oxidized to biliverdin.
Increased bilirubin production (e.g., hemolytic anemia), reduced uptake/conjugation by hepatocytes, and decreased excretion can lead to jaundice.
Intrahepatic jaundice involves liver cell damage or impaired bile duct function.
Extrahepatic jaundice stems from bile duct obstruction (e.g., gallstones, tumors).
Painless jaundice suggests malignant obstruction (e.g., bile duct or pancreatic cancer).

Physical Examination: General Approach

Position patient supine with pillow support.
Observe patient's general appearance (demeanor, distress).
Inspect for skin temperature, color, discolorations.
Listen to bowel sounds prior to palpation or percussion.
Percuss to assess tympany and dullness in quadrants.
Lightly palpate for tenderness and masses.
Deep palpate to check for masses, liver/spleen edge, or rebound tenderness.

Techniques of Examination

Inspect appearance, contour, and movements of the abdomen.
Palpate lightly for tenderness, masses, and rigidity, in all quadrants.
Deep palpate with two hands, noting liver edge, masses, tenderness, and pulsations.
Check for peritonitis with guarding, rigidity, and rebound tenderness.
Percuss to detect splenic enlargement in Traube space.
Check for costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness, using fist percussion if needed.

Bowel Sounds

Normal sounds: Clicks and gurgles (5-34 per minute).
Hypoactive: (<5 per minute)
Hyperactive: (>34 per minute).
Auscultate abdominal region for suspected pain location.

Skin Inspection

Note skin temperature, color, and presence of scars or striations (stretch marks).
Evaluate any bruising, erythema, or jaundice.
Assess for dilated veins, indicating portal hypertension.
Note presence of rashes or ecchymoses, (bruising) in intra/retroperitoneal hemorrhage.

Localized Abdominal Wall Bulges

Note umbilical, incisional, epigastric hernias, and diastasis recti.
Examine for hernias by palpating affected areas with Valsalva maneuver.
Assess diastasis recti (separation of rectus muscles) in supine patients.

Abdominal Masses

Note symmetry or asymmetry of the abdomen.
Note possible cause of asymmetry, like hernias, enlarged organs, or masses.
Look for enlarged liver or spleen protruding below the rib cage.
Look for lower abdominal masses or hernias.
Be aware of the possibility of a lipoma (benign fatty tumor).

Peritoneal Signs

Evaluate for guarding, rigidity, and rebound tenderness.
Guarding = voluntary contraction diminishes with distraction.
Rigidity =reflex contraction (suggests peritonitis) persisting through examinations.
Rebound tenderness = pain when pressure is quickly released, suggestive of peritonitis.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key human biology concepts, including the transmission of Hepatitis C, the role of pancreatic cells, and cancer statistics. This quiz covers essential topics in human health and anatomy, providing insights into both endocrine and digestive functions.