Human Biology Overview Quiz

Prolonged gurgles or rumbling sounds in the abdomen, caused by increased bowel activity.

Turbulent sounds heard over arteries, indicating abnormal blood flow.

Infrequent, grating sounds over abdominal organs, associated with inflammation or infection.

A hollow, drum-like sound upon percussion, mostly caused by air.

A bulging abdomen with widespread hollow, drum-like percussion sounds, potentially indicating intestinal obstruction.

Abnormal fluid accumulation in the abdomen.

A muffled sound upon percussion, indicating the presence of solid structures or fluid.

HCV is primarily spread through percutaneous exposures, such as injection drug use or needlestick injuries in healthcare workers, or mucosal exposure to HCV-positive blood.

Screening tests for HCV are highly sensitive.

The third most common cancer in men and women worldwide.

The pancreas' endocrine portion comprises islets of Langerhans (cells), producing insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains acinar cells that produce digestive enzymes.

Pancreatic enzymes from the pancreatic duct mix with bile in the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

A hollow, drum-like sound heard when percussing the area, typically over the stomach's gas.

An anomaly where organs are reversed, like air bubble on the right and liver dullness on the left.

Loud bowel sounds, often related to diarrhea or early intestinal blockage.

Quiet or no bowel sounds, suggesting poor movement or infection.

A soft, humming noise heard during both systole and diastole, linking portal and systemic veins.

A whooshing sound over the liver; sign of liver cancer or cirrhosis.

A whooshing sound related to partially blocked arteries.

Gentle touch to feel for tenderness, organs and masses.

Pain or discomfort in the abdomen.

The extent to which abdominal muscles resist palpation.

Organs that lie relatively close to the surface of the body.

Solid lumps or growths in the abdomen.

Protrusions of organs through weak points in the abdominal wall.

Increasing age, personal history, adenomatous polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and family history are key risk factors for colorectal cancer.

Screening and removing precancerous polyps is the most effective prevention strategy.

The ampulla of Vater (Sphincter of Oddi) is the opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum.

Cuboidal cells produce bicarbonate-rich fluid, while columnar cells produce mucus and contain CFTR.

Pancreatic autodigestion (e.g., in pancreatitis) can be harmful.

A disorder where the pancreas's immune system attacks its own tissues. It can mimic pancreatic cancer, requiring distinction.

Tumors in the pancreas producing mucus and cysts. Often contain mutations and high risk of turning cancerous.

Fluid-filled sacs in the pancreas formed from walled-off damaged tissue, missing an epithelial lining.

Mucin-producing tumors that affect the larger pancreatic ducts. Often more frequent in men than mucinous cystic neoplasms.

Cancer of the pancreas, which can resemble other pancreatic conditions.

Mutations of the KRAS oncogene, frequently found in mucinous cystic neoplasms.

Mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene, often found in invasive growths, arising from cysts.

Mutations in the SMAD4 gene, often observed in invasive pancreatic neoplasms.

Mutations of RNF43, an E3 ubiquitin ligase potentially affecting Wnt signaling, found in some mucinous cystic neoplasms/colorectal cancers.

Excessive accumulation of iron in the body, often due to excessive intestinal absorption.

Iron accumulates primarily in the liver, pancreas, and heart.

Inherited autosomal recessive disorder (HFE gene mutation).

Iron accumulation due to factors like transfusions or ineffective erythropoiesis.

Chronic liver inflammation caused by the immune system attacking liver cells.

Presence of certain autoantibodies in the blood (e.g., ANA, SMA, anti-LKM1).

Treated with corticosteroids and azathioprine.

Infections from certain viruses can cause liver inflammation (hepatitis).

Four stages ranging from minimal inflammation to reactivation, impacting HBV DNA and ALT levels.