Human Biology Fundamentals

Levels of Organization

• The levels of organization in the body include cells, tissues, organisms, but NOT atoms.

Elements in Living Tissue

• Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are three of the four elements which make up 96% of living tissues.
• Iron is not one of the four elements.

Organic Molecules

• Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids build living things.
• Minerals are not a type of organic molecule.

Nucleus Function

• The primary function of the nucleus in a cell is to house the DNA.

Ribosome Role

• Ribosomes build proteins within a cell.

Mitochondria

• Mitochondria convert glucose into ATP to contribute to cellular energy production.

Epithelial Tissue Location

• Epithelial tissue is commonly found lining the digestive tract.

Epithelial Tissue Function

• Epithelial tissue protects underlying tissues.

Epithelial Tissue in Digestion

• Epithelial tissue in the digestive system protects underlying tissues from damage and infection.

Muscle Tissue Function

• Muscle tissue contracts, enabling movement.

Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal, cardiac and smooth are types of muscles found in the body.
• Cartilage is not a muscle.

Skeletal Muscle

• Skeletal muscle is primarily located attached to the bones.

Cardiac Muscle

• Cardiac muscle is located in the heart.

Smooth Muscle

• Smooth muscle contracts to move contents through organs in the digestive system.

Stomach Tissue

• The stomach is composed of epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues, but not bone tissue.

Tissue Cooperation

• Different types of tissues work together, each contributing to an organ's overall function.

Skeletal Muscle Function

• Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton.

Cardiac Muscle Function

• Cardiac muscle contracts the heart and pumps blood.

Connective Tissue in Stomach

• Connective tissue binds the epithelial layer to the smooth muscle layers in the stomach.

Smooth Muscle and Organ Function

• Smooth muscle contributes to organ function by contracting to facilitate movement of contents.

Blood Flow

• Blood enters the aorta after leaving the left ventricle.

Aorta Role

• The aorta distributes oxygen and nutrients to the body.

Blood Return to Heart

• Blood returns to the heart through the veins after delivering oxygen to the body.

Tricuspid Valve Function

• The right A/V valve (tricuspid valve) allows blood to flow from the right atria into the right ventricle.

Right Ventricle Contraction

• Blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery when the right ventricle contracts.

Pulmonary Artery

• The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood.

Deoxygenated Blood in Lungs

• Deoxygenated blood picks up oxygen in the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins

• The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood.

Left Atria to Left Ventricle

• Blood flows from the left atria to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.

Left Ventricle Contraction

• Blood moves into the aorta when the left ventricle contracts.

Blood Vessel Types

• Arteries, veins, and capillaries are types of blood vessels.
• Lymph vessels are not.

Heart Chamber Sequence

• Blood flows through the heart's chambers in the following sequence: right atria, right ventricle, left atria, left ventricle.

Semilunar Valves

• The semilunar valves in the heart prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.

Blood Pathway

• Blood leaves the heart and returns to it via the following pathway: aorta, arteries, capillaries, veins, vena cava.

Capillaries

• Capillaries exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste.

Oxygen Transfer

• Oxygen moves from the blood to the cells in the capillaries through diffusion.

Carbon Dioxide in Capillaries

• Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood in the capillaries.

Nutrients in Capillaries

• Nutrients move from the blood into the cells in the capillaries.

Nutrient Entry Point

• Nutrients enter the blood in the small intestine.

Vein Function

• Veins carry blood back to the heart.

Blood Return from Lower Body

• The posterior vena cava (PVC) returns blood to the heart from the lower body.

Waste Transfer

• Wastes move from the cells to the blood through diffusion.

Kidney Function

• Filtration to create urine occurs in the kidneys.

Balanced Nutrition

• "Balance" in nutrition means consuming a variety of foods from different food groups.

Carbohydrate Sources

• Fruits, vegetables and whole grains are good sources of carbs.
• Processed grains are not.

Carbohydrates

• Brown rice, quinoa and beans are good carbs.
• Soda is a bad carbohydrate.

Water Functions

• Water lubricates joints, regulates body temperature, and maintains blood pressure.
• Water does not provide energy.

Food Choice Influences

• Cultural background, health consciousness, and convenience influence food choices.
• Eye color does not.

Nutritional Status

• Calorie intake, macronutrient balance, and vitamin sufficiency should be considered when assessing your nutritional status.

Bulky Meals

• Bulky meals help you feel full, are rich in vitamins and minerals, and are low in calories.

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in human biology. Topics include levels of organization, key elements in living tissue, organic molecules, and the functions of cellular components like the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria. It also covers the location and function of different tissue types such as epithelial tissue, and the role of epithelial tissues in digestion.