Human Biology: Excretion and Genetics
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Questions and Answers

Which term best describes the process of removing waste from the body?

  • Fusion
  • Fertilization
  • Filtration
  • Excretion (correct)

    • Urea is a liquid waste product produced directly by the kidneys.

    False (B)

    What is the primary function of chromosomes?

    Carry genetic information

    The process where a male sperm fuses with a female egg is called ______.

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Renal = Relating to the kidneys Gamete = Reproductive cell Fetus = Unborn offspring in the uterus DNA = Genetic information inside cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the male and female sex chromosomes?

    <p>XX and XY (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A trait is a characteristic that is not passed down through genes.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the young produced by a living organism?

    <p>offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

    <p>Producing red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kidney failure is not life-threatening and can be easily managed without treatment.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of urine?

    <p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sperm's _________ contains mitochondria to provide power for swimming.

    <p>mid-piece</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sperm cell parts with their functions:

    <p>Tail = Movement Mid-piece = Energy production Nucleus = Genetic information Acrosome = Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a potential consequence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased birth weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The jelly coat of an egg cell does not provide nutrients to the sperm cell.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _________ of the sperm cell helps it to penetrate the egg during fertilization.

    <p>acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Excretion

    The process of eliminating or expelling waste from the body.

    Filtration

    The process of separating solid matter from a liquid, often used by the kidneys to filter waste.

    Urea

    A colorless substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver, a key component of urine.

    Urine

    The liquid waste produced by the kidneys, containing urea and uric acid.

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    XY

    The combination of sex chromosomes that determine a male biological sex.

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    Fertilization

    The process where a male sperm fuses with a female egg to form a zygote. This marks the beginning of a new organism's development.

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    Egg

    The reproductive cell produced by the female ovaries. It contains the genetic material and nutrients needed for an embryo to develop.

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    Sperm

    The male reproductive cell formed in the testicles. It unites with an egg to form an embryo.

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    Kidney function

    The kidneys' primary function is to filter waste products from the blood and return cleansed blood to the body.

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    Kidney failure

    Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body.

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    Diabetes and kidney failure

    One of the major causes of kidney failure, resulting from high blood sugar damaging blood vessels in the kidneys.

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    High blood pressure and kidneys

    A condition where high blood pressure puts excessive strain on the kidneys, potentially causing damage.

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    Kidney dialysis

    The process of filtering waste from the blood using an artificial machine, a treatment for kidney failure.

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    Peritoneal dialysis

    The process of filtering waste from the blood using the lining of the abdomen, another treatment for kidney failure.

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    Kidney transplant

    The process of replacing a failing kidney with a healthy one from a donor, a permanent treatment for kidney failure.

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    Yolk

    A structure within the egg that provides energy for cell division and development.

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    Study Notes

    Human Biology

    • Excretion: The process of removing waste products from the body.
    • Filtration: A biological process separating solid matter from a liquid.
    • Urea: A colorless substance produced from protein breakdown in the liver.
    • Urine: Liquid waste containing urea and uric acid.
    • DNA: Genetic information in cells specifying individual characteristics.
    • Chromosomes: Structures within cell nuclei containing genetic information (genes). Human cells typically have 23 chromosome pairs.
    • Characteristics/Traits: Distinctive features passed down through genes (e.g., eye color, hair color).
    • Fusion: The combination of two or more cells to form one. Important in development and reproduction.
    • Fertilization: The fusion of a sperm cell and egg cell to form a zygote (fertilized egg).
    • Egg: Reproductive cell from female ovaries; contains genetic material & nutrients for embryo development.
    • Sperm: Reproductive cell from male testes; fuses with egg to form a zygote.
    • Gametes: Reproductive cells (sperm & egg).
    • Inheritance: The process of passing genetic traits from parents to offspring.
    • XX: The notation for female sex chromosomes (two identical X chromosomes).
    • XY: The notation for male sex chromosomes (one X and one Y chromosome).
    • Fetus/Foetus: Unborn offspring developing in the uterus.
    • Offspring: The young produced by a living organism.
    • Development: The process of a fertilized egg transforming into a complex organism.

    The Kidney

    • Function: Removes waste from blood and maintains water/salt balance.
    • Kidney Failure: Caused by diabetes, high blood pressure. Leads to buildup of harmful waste and fluid.
    • Kidney Function (Details): Kidneys remove waste from blood, returning cleaned blood to body; need rich blood supply.
    • Solutions to Kidney Failure: Kidney dialysis and kidney transplant

    Male and Female Reproductive Organs

    • Female Organs: Includes ovaries (produce eggs), fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and cervix.
    • Male Organs: Includes testes (produce sperm), urethra, prostate, sperm duct and penis.

    Fertilization

    • Egg Cells: Contain yolk (energy), nucleus (genetic material), jelly coat (protection), and cortical granules (prevent multiple fertilization).
    • Sperm Cells: Have a tail for swimming, mid-piece for energy, nucleus, and acrosome (enzyme for penetrating egg).

    Factors Affecting Pregnancy

    • Alcohol: Can cause birth defects and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs).
    • Smoking: Increases risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
    • Drugs: Can cause miscarriage, birth defects, and neonatal abstinence syndrome (withdrawal).

    The Sex of a Baby

    • Sex Determination: Determined by the combination of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
    • Phenotype: Observable characteristics (e.g., physical appearance).
    • Genotype: Genetic makeup (e.g. genes for characteristics).

    Dominance and Recessiveness

    • Alleles: Different versions of a gene.
    • Genotype: The gene combination.
    • Phenotype: Traits that are visible from the Genotype
    • Dominant Alleles: Expressed when present.

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    9.5 Human Biology PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating processes of excretion and the basics of genetics in human biology. This quiz covers essential concepts such as filtration, urea production, chromosomes, and reproductive cells. Test your understanding of how these biological processes influence development and traits.

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