Human Biology: Excretion and Genetics

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Questions and Answers

Which term best describes the process of removing waste from the body?

  • Fusion
  • Fertilization
  • Filtration
  • Excretion (correct)

Urea is a liquid waste product produced directly by the kidneys.

False (B)

What is the primary function of chromosomes?

Carry genetic information

The process where a male sperm fuses with a female egg is called ______.

<p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Renal = Relating to the kidneys Gamete = Reproductive cell Fetus = Unborn offspring in the uterus DNA = Genetic information inside cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the male and female sex chromosomes?

<p>XX and XY (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A trait is a characteristic that is not passed down through genes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the young produced by a living organism?

<p>offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

<p>Producing red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kidney failure is not life-threatening and can be easily managed without treatment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of urine?

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sperm's _________ contains mitochondria to provide power for swimming.

<p>mid-piece</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sperm cell parts with their functions:

<p>Tail = Movement Mid-piece = Energy production Nucleus = Genetic information Acrosome = Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a potential consequence of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

<p>Increased birth weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The jelly coat of an egg cell does not provide nutrients to the sperm cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _________ of the sperm cell helps it to penetrate the egg during fertilization.

<p>acrosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Excretion

The process of eliminating or expelling waste from the body.

Filtration

The process of separating solid matter from a liquid, often used by the kidneys to filter waste.

Urea

A colorless substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver, a key component of urine.

Urine

The liquid waste produced by the kidneys, containing urea and uric acid.

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XY

The combination of sex chromosomes that determine a male biological sex.

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Fertilization

The process where a male sperm fuses with a female egg to form a zygote. This marks the beginning of a new organism's development.

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Egg

The reproductive cell produced by the female ovaries. It contains the genetic material and nutrients needed for an embryo to develop.

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Sperm

The male reproductive cell formed in the testicles. It unites with an egg to form an embryo.

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Kidney function

The kidneys' primary function is to filter waste products from the blood and return cleansed blood to the body.

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Kidney failure

Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys are unable to properly filter waste, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body.

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Diabetes and kidney failure

One of the major causes of kidney failure, resulting from high blood sugar damaging blood vessels in the kidneys.

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High blood pressure and kidneys

A condition where high blood pressure puts excessive strain on the kidneys, potentially causing damage.

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Kidney dialysis

The process of filtering waste from the blood using an artificial machine, a treatment for kidney failure.

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Peritoneal dialysis

The process of filtering waste from the blood using the lining of the abdomen, another treatment for kidney failure.

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Kidney transplant

The process of replacing a failing kidney with a healthy one from a donor, a permanent treatment for kidney failure.

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Yolk

A structure within the egg that provides energy for cell division and development.

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Study Notes

Human Biology

  • Excretion: The process of removing waste products from the body.
  • Filtration: A biological process separating solid matter from a liquid.
  • Urea: A colorless substance produced from protein breakdown in the liver.
  • Urine: Liquid waste containing urea and uric acid.
  • DNA: Genetic information in cells specifying individual characteristics.
  • Chromosomes: Structures within cell nuclei containing genetic information (genes). Human cells typically have 23 chromosome pairs.
  • Characteristics/Traits: Distinctive features passed down through genes (e.g., eye color, hair color).
  • Fusion: The combination of two or more cells to form one. Important in development and reproduction.
  • Fertilization: The fusion of a sperm cell and egg cell to form a zygote (fertilized egg).
  • Egg: Reproductive cell from female ovaries; contains genetic material & nutrients for embryo development.
  • Sperm: Reproductive cell from male testes; fuses with egg to form a zygote.
  • Gametes: Reproductive cells (sperm & egg).
  • Inheritance: The process of passing genetic traits from parents to offspring.
  • XX: The notation for female sex chromosomes (two identical X chromosomes).
  • XY: The notation for male sex chromosomes (one X and one Y chromosome).
  • Fetus/Foetus: Unborn offspring developing in the uterus.
  • Offspring: The young produced by a living organism.
  • Development: The process of a fertilized egg transforming into a complex organism.

The Kidney

  • Function: Removes waste from blood and maintains water/salt balance.
  • Kidney Failure: Caused by diabetes, high blood pressure. Leads to buildup of harmful waste and fluid.
  • Kidney Function (Details): Kidneys remove waste from blood, returning cleaned blood to body; need rich blood supply.
  • Solutions to Kidney Failure: Kidney dialysis and kidney transplant

Male and Female Reproductive Organs

  • Female Organs: Includes ovaries (produce eggs), fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and cervix.
  • Male Organs: Includes testes (produce sperm), urethra, prostate, sperm duct and penis.

Fertilization

  • Egg Cells: Contain yolk (energy), nucleus (genetic material), jelly coat (protection), and cortical granules (prevent multiple fertilization).
  • Sperm Cells: Have a tail for swimming, mid-piece for energy, nucleus, and acrosome (enzyme for penetrating egg).

Factors Affecting Pregnancy

  • Alcohol: Can cause birth defects and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASDs).
  • Smoking: Increases risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
  • Drugs: Can cause miscarriage, birth defects, and neonatal abstinence syndrome (withdrawal).

The Sex of a Baby

  • Sex Determination: Determined by the combination of sex chromosomes (XX or XY).
  • Phenotype: Observable characteristics (e.g., physical appearance).
  • Genotype: Genetic makeup (e.g. genes for characteristics).

Dominance and Recessiveness

  • Alleles: Different versions of a gene.
  • Genotype: The gene combination.
  • Phenotype: Traits that are visible from the Genotype
  • Dominant Alleles: Expressed when present.

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