Human Biology: Cardiovascular System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

To provide structural support to the body tissues

To produce energy using glucose

To exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the lungs

To maintain homeostasis by transporting nutrients and waste (correct)

Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen?

Platelets

Red blood cells (correct)

Plasma proteins

White blood cells

What role do lymphatic vessels play in the cardiovascular system?

They transport red blood cells to the tissues.

They collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood. (correct)

They facilitate the exchange of gases in the lungs.

They only transport blood.

How do antibodies function in the blood?

They disable pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of plasma?

91% water Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the blood?

Clotting to protect against fluid loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical pH level of blood?

7.4 Signup and view all the answers

The formed elements in blood are produced in which location?

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of albumins in plasma?

Contribute to osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions?

70% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell is the most abundant?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What hormone stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Erythropoietin (EPO) Signup and view all the answers

What process do neutrophils use to engulf pathogens?

Phagocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte is involved with the body's response to allergies and parasitic infections?

Eosinophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of red blood cells, on average?

120 days Signup and view all the answers

Which part of hemoglobin binds to oxygen?

Heme group Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fibrinogen in blood?

Form blood clots Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leukocyte directly destroys pathogens in cell-mediated immunity?

T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eosinophils?

Digest large pathogens, such as worms Signup and view all the answers

What are platelets primarily involved in?

Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type lacks A and B antigens?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood clotting?

Calcium ions Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymphocytes play in the immune system?

Provide specific immunity Signup and view all the answers

What happens to red blood cells during the formation of a fibrin clot?

They are trapped in the fibrin threads Signup and view all the answers

How many different clotting factors are involved in the process of blood coagulation?

13 Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of type AB blood?

Has both A and B antigens Signup and view all the answers

What is the temporary framework formed during blood clotting?

Fibrin Signup and view all the answers

What is present in the serum after blood has clotted?

Plasma without fibrinogen and prothrombin Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood can a Type A person receive without risk of agglutination?

Type A Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Type O blood?

Has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an Rh-negative mother has an Rh-positive fetus?

She develops anti-Rh antibodies after the first pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

What should be administered to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

RhoGAM shot Signup and view all the answers

What kind of antibodies does Type AB blood have?

Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about anti-Rh antibodies is true?

They develop only after exposure to the Rh factor. Signup and view all the answers

Which blood type can a Type B person donate blood to safely?

Type B Signup and view all the answers

Which circuit is responsible for circulating blood through the lungs?

Pulmonary circuit Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that aids venous return in the circulatory system?

Contraction of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where does blood pressure decrease first as blood moves away from the heart?

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

Why is blood flow slowest in the capillaries?

To increase gas and nutrient exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to venous return?

Gravity's effect on blood flow Signup and view all the answers

How does breathing aid in the movement of blood in the veins?

By creating negative pressure in the thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

What does blood flow through during each heartbeat?

Pulmonary and systemic circuits Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of blood pressure is observed in veins?

Very low pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal heart rate for an average adult?

70 times per minute Signup and view all the answers

What sound does the closure of the AV valves produce?

Lub Signup and view all the answers

What causes a heart murmur?

Abnormal blood flow Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the heart is known as the cardiac pacemaker?

SA Node Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex of an ECG represent?

Ventricular contraction Signup and view all the answers

What type of electrical activity does ventricular fibrillation indicate?

Uncoordinated, irregular signals Signup and view all the answers

What physiological action creates blood pressure?

Ventricular contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the average adult blood pressure reading considered normal?

120/80 mmHg Signup and view all the answers

Which system increases heart rate during stress or physical activity?

Sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is systolic pressure?

Pressure during ventricular contraction Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is known to influence heart rate?

Adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used to measure blood pressure?

Sphygmomanometer Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do ventricles fill with blood?

Ventricular diastole Signup and view all the answers

What does the T wave in an ECG represent?

Ventricular recovery Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System Overview

The cardiovascular system works with the majority of the body systems to maintain homeostasis.
It's composed of the heart and blood vessels.
The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing wastes.
Exchange of substances occurs through interstitial fluid surrounding tissues.
The lymphatic system collects excess tissue fluid (lymph) and returns it to the bloodstream.

Blood

Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and hormones. Defends against pathogens (white blood cells and antibodies). Protects against fluid loss by clotting. Regulates body temperature by transferring heat. Maintains osmotic pressure. Buffers regulate pH (7.4).
Composition: Liquid connective tissue with formed elements (cells and fragments) suspended in plasma.
Formed elements are produced in the red bone marrow.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes, RBCs)
White blood cells (leukocytes, WBCs): various types (granular and agranular).
Platelets (thrombocytes)

Blood Composition Continued

Percentage by Volume and Weight: Plasma (55% by volume) is mostly water, with proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), other solutes (ions, nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones, vitamins). Formed elements (45% by volume) are cells and fragments. Water accounts for 91% by weight.

Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Biconcave shape, lacking nucleus and mitochondria. Contain hemoglobin (Hb) with four subunits, each with a heme group containing iron (Fe) that binds oxygen. Oxygenated Hb is red; deoxygenated Hb is blue.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Several types, larger than RBCs, with nuclei. Produced in red bone marrow, with production regulated by colony-stimulating factor. Important for fighting infection (part of the immune system). Some live for only days, others for months or years. Granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) have granules and lobed nuclei, while agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes) lack granules and have non-lobular nuclei.
Platelets (Thrombocytes): Fragments of megakaryocytes, crucial for blood clotting (hemostasis).

Plasma

Solutes: Mostly water (91%), and organic molecules (9%), including plasma proteins.
Plasma Proteins: Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen are the most abundant, providing osmotic pressure, transporting molecules, and forming blood clots.

Red Blood Cell Production

Occurs in red bone marrow.
As RBCs are produced, they lose their nucleus and most organelles.
Without a nucleus, they can't make proteins for cell repair.
Old, worn-out cells are removed from circulation by macrophages in the liver and spleen.
The biconcave disc shape maximizes surface area for gas diffusion.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone produced by kidneys when blood oxygen levels are low.
Stimulates bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
Blood doping (illegally injecting EPO) increases RBC count for athletic performance, but can be dangerous.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Further Details

Neutrophils: Most abundant WBC, roughly 50-70% of all WBCs, multi-lobed nuclei, "first responders" to bacterial infections. Engulf pathogens via phagocytosis. Can leave bloodstream.
Eosinophils: Have bilobed nuclei, and involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
Basophils: Rarest of WBCs, involved in allergic reactions and inflammation

Lymphocytes

About 25-35% of all WBCs (second most common).
Two types:
- B cells: Produce antibodies to mark pathogens for destruction.
- T cells: Various types, some directly destroying pathogens (cell-mediated immunity).

Monocytes

Largest of WBCs.
A type of macrophage, which engulfs pathogens, old cells, and debris.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes.
About 200 billion platelets are made per day.
Function in blood clotting (coagulation).
Hemostasis: clotting forms clots. Involves 13 clotting factors, calcium, and enzymes.
Vitamin K is essential for these factors.

Blood Clotting

Prevents plasma and cells from leaking out of broken vessels.
Platelets and injured tissues release a clotting factor called prothrombin activator.
Prothrombin converts to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. This forms a framework for clot formation. Calcium ions are required.
An enzyme called plasmin eventually dissolves the fibrin network, allowing tissue repair.
Serum: Liquid remaining after clotting (basically plasma without Fibrinogen and Prothrombin)

Blood Type Determination

Determined by glycoproteins (antigens) on the surface of RBCs.
ABO blood groups: A, B, AB, and O.
Blood transfusions require compatibility to prevent agglutination (clumping).

Blood Compatibility

During a blood transfusion, antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to antigens on donated red blood cells, potentially causing agglutination.
Type A cannot receive Type B or AB blood.
Type B cannot receive Type A or AB blood.
Type O can only receive Type O blood.
Type AB is a universal recipient.

Rh Blood Groups

The Rh factor is another blood type antigen.
Rh positive (+) if present.
Rh negative (-) if not present.
Anti-Rh antibodies develop only after exposure to Rh factor.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur if an Rh-negative mother has a subsequent Rh-positive fetus.

Blood Vessels

Three types: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart, with 3 layers (inner endothelium, middle smooth muscle, outer connective tissue). Arteries are more muscular to withstand high pressure.
Arterioles: Small arteries that deliver blood to capillary beds, have smooth muscle for vasoconstriction/vasodilation affecting flow/pressure.
Capillaries: Microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules, with thin walls for gas exchange, nutrient and waste exchange occurs here. Have precapillary sphincters (smooth muscle) controlling blood flow.
Venules: Small veins that receive blood from capillaries.
Veins: Carry blood towards the heart, with thinner walls compared to arteries because pressure is lower. They contain valves to prevent backflow, important for return of blood against gravity.

The Heart

Location: Between the lungs, slightly twisted to the left.
Structure: Myocardium (cardiac muscle), muscle fibers branched and connected by intercalated disks containing gap junctions allowing for coordinated contractions. A sac called the pericardium surrounds the heart and secretes pericardial fluid for lubrication. The heart has 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
Valves:
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Tricuspid (right) and Bicuspid (left). Prevent backflow into the atria.
- Semilunar valves: Pulmonary (right) and Aortic (left). Prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.
Coronary Circulation: The myocardium needs its own blood supply via coronary arteries branching from the aorta to feed itself first. Coronary veins empty into the right atrium. Coronary artery disease can cause disruptions in this flow leading to heart attack.
Cardiac cycle: Systole (contraction) and Diastole (relaxation) of atria and ventricles.
Electrical conduction system: SA (sinoatrial) node (pacemaker in the right atrium) initiates the heartbeat. AV (atrioventricular) node and Purkinje fibers conduct the impulse for ventricular contraction and other pacemaker cells, for the entire heart.
External Control of Heartbeat: The brainstem controls heart rate (sympathetic nervous system increases rate, parasympathetic decreases, some hormones raise heart rate), based on the body's needs.

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Records electrical activity in the heart muscle during the cardiac cycle.
P wave: Atrial contraction.
QRS complex: Ventricular contraction.
T wave: Ventricular recovery.

Arrhythmias

Abnormal heart rhythms.
Many types and causes.
Ventricular fibrillation: Severe uncoordinated contractions, preventing effective blood pumping and possibly causing tissue death from oxygen starvation.
Defibrillation: Applying a controlled electrical shock to reset and re-establish normal pacemaker activity.

Blood Pressure

Pressure exerted by blood against blood vessel walls.
Highest in aorta, decreasing as it flows through the vessels.
Determined by the contraction (systole) or relaxing (diastole) state of the ventricles. Typically measured systolic/diastolic as mm Hg, with numbers affected by vascular resistance and volume.
Measured by a sphygmomanometer (e.g., blood pressure cuff).
Pulse: Surge of blood with each ventricular contraction detected as a surge in blood pressure, and by palpation of the arteries.
Average blood pressure for adults is around 120/80 mm Hg.

Blood Flow

Pulmonary circuit: Blood flows from the heart to the lungs (oxygen-poor blood picks up oxygen, and releases carbon dioxide) and then back to the heart.
Systemic circuit: Blood flows from the heart to the body's tissues, then back to the heart (oxygenated blood delivers oxygen, picks up CO2).
Both circuits occur concurrently.
Hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) drives movement of fluid from capillaries to tissue. Osmotic pressure drives fluid from tissue into capillaries.
Venous return is dependent on three additional factors (skeletal muscle contraction, breathing, venous valves).

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Test your knowledge on the cardiovascular system with this comprehensive quiz. Explore topics such as blood components, functions of various cells, and physiological processes. Perfect for students studying human biology or related fields.