Human Biocultural and Social Evolution

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary basis of Rational Choice Theory regarding deviance?

  • Deviance results from a person's moral beliefs and conscience.
  • Deviance is an inevitable outcome of societal pressures.
  • Deviance occurs due to a rational calculation of costs and benefits. (correct)
  • Deviance is influenced solely by environmental factors.

Which of the following best describes inner controls as outlined in Control Theory?

  • Emotional influences from family and friends.
  • Factors like laws and regulations that prevent deviance.
  • Personal morality and conscience that guide behavior. (correct)
  • External enforcement mechanisms from authorities.

Which of the following is an example of informal social control?

  • Government regulations imposing penalties on criminals.
  • Teachers instructing students in appropriate behavior.
  • Family members encouraging their children to behave respectfully. (correct)
  • Police enforcing laws to maintain order.

Which type of social interaction involves mutual fulfillment of roles?

<p>Cooperation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by achieved status in social structure?

<p>Status obtained through personal efforts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of status symbols?

<p>To signify an individual's level of achievement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes coercion as a type of social interaction?

<p>Enforced compliance using threats or force. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do social institutions like family and religion play in social structure?

<p>They serve as foundational elements that shape societal interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between role conflict and role strain?

<p>Role conflict occurs between multiple roles, while role strain occurs within a single role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

<p>A family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do social institutions serve in society?

<p>They fulfill fundamental societal needs and provide structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracy?

<p>Emotional Decision-Making (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is characterized by temporary or permanent alliances for shared goals?

<p>Coalition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social networks, how are platforms like Facebook and Twitter valuable?

<p>They connect individuals for job hunting and career building. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of socialization is primarily influenced by biological inheritance?

<p>Raw materials for personality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gender socialization typically reinforce societal norms?

<p>Via specific messages and practices concerning gender (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a reference group influence individual behavior?

<p>It serves as a benchmark for comparison and influences attitudes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which social group factor plays a significant role in an individual's capacity to adapt to societal challenges?

<p>Social groups and structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes role exit?

<p>Leaving a central role due to personal burnout or change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the post-industrial society?

<p>Information technology and services (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of socialization, what is enculturation primarily concerned with?

<p>Acquiring societal norms and values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome does industrialization have on society according to the historical transitions?

<p>Urbanization and production changes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical consequence of social interaction dynamics in early childhood?

<p>Crucial family support for self-concept (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of social interaction is emphasized by rational choice theory?

<p>Cost-benefit analysis of choices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rational Choice Theory

Deviance is the result of a rational calculation of costs and benefits. Criminals make logical decisions to maximize their gain.

Control Theory (Reckless)

People are prevented from deviating by inner (morality) and outer (family, police) controls.

Social Control

Techniques used to regulate people's behavior.

Social Interaction

How people respond to each other using communication like words, symbols, and actions in everyday life.

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Cooperation (Social Interaction)

Working together for a shared goal.

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Status (Social Structure)

A defined social position.

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Ascribed Status

Social position assigned at birth.

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Achieved Status

Social position earned through effort.

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Role Conflict

When the expectations of two or more roles clash, creating tension or difficulty for the individual.

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Role Strain

The difficulty in meeting the expectations of a single role.

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Role Exit

The process of leaving a significant role in one's life, often due to reasons like burnout or major life changes.

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Primary Group

A small, close-knit group with intimate relationships, like family or close friends.

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Secondary Group

A larger, goal-oriented group with impersonal relationships, such as colleagues at work.

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In-Group & Out-Group

The division of people into 'us' (in-group) and 'them' (out-group), often based on shared characteristics and perceived differences.

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Reference Group

A group that individuals compare themselves to, influencing their behaviors, attitudes, and aspirations.

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Social Institution

A system of organized beliefs, norms, and values that fulfill fundamental needs within society, providing structure and order.

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Socialization

The lifelong process of learning and internalizing the norms, values, and beliefs of a society. It shapes our identity, skills, and behaviors.

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Personality

A unique combination of traits, attitudes, and behaviors that make up an individual. Shaped by biology, culture, social experiences, and personal history.

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Biological Inheritance

The role of genetics in shaping personality. We inherit traits and predispositions from our parents.

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Cultural Environment

The influence of a society's customs, values, and beliefs on individual personality development.

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Social Groups and Structures

The impact of our relationships and social positions on our personality. Groups and institutions teach us how to navigate society.

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Gender Socialization

The process of learning expectations and behaviors associated with being male or female. Shaped by family, school, and media.

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Racial Socialization

The process of learning about race, ethnicity, and their impact on identity, relationships, and social positions.

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Socialization Throughout the Life Course

The continuous process of learning and adapting to social roles and expectations throughout all stages of life.

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Study Notes

HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION

  • Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age): Nomadic lifestyle, hunters and gatherers. Used stone and bone tools. Cave paintings. Examples include Tabon Man (oldest confirmed modern human in the Philippines, 37,000-47,000 years ago) and Callao Man (oldest human fossil in Asia-Pacific, 67,000 years old).

  • Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age): Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture. Nomadic life near rivers. Introduction of agriculture and more permanent settlements.

  • Neolithic Period (New Stone Age): Domesticated animals, cultivated grains, developed pottery, weaving, and sewing. Early permanent settlements. Advancements in tool-making. Examples include Angono Petroglyphs (oldest rock engravings in the Philippines).

  • Culture: The totality of shared and socially transmitted behavior for human adaptation. Includes tool-making and cognitive development.

  • Stone Tool Technology:

  • Oldowan Tools (2.5 million years ago): The oldest known tool industry, used by Homo habilis in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.

  • Acheulian Tools (1.6 million years ago): Developed by Homo erectus. Included bifacial hand axes and cleavers.

  • Mousterian Tools (Middle Paleolithic): Developed by Neanderthals, specialized for hunting.

  • Upper Paleolithic Tools: More sophisticated, used bone, ivory, and antlers. Examples are Chatelperronian and Aurignacian.

TYPES OF SOCIETIES

  • Hunting and Gathering (30,000-40,000 years ago): Small, nomadic groups, shared resources.

  • Horticultural and Pastoral (12,000 years ago): Domestication of plants and animals, specialization led to social inequality. Pastoralism: nomadic herders, relying on animals. Horticulturalism: semi-sedentary farmers using basic tools.

  • Agrarian (5,000 years ago): Permanent settlements with advanced farming, population growth, material surplus, and social inequality.

SOCIALIZATION

  • Learning Objectives: Explain the process of socialization and enculturation, context, content, processes, and consequences. Understanding social causes of deviant behavior.

  • Socialization: The lifelong process of interaction, acquiring self-identity and social skills needed for survival.

  • Types of Socialization: Resocialization, anticipatory socialization, reference groups, occupational socialization.

  • Development of the Self: Theories like Looking-Glass Self (Cooley) and Development of Self (Mead). (Stages of development).

  • Enculturation: Lifelong process of learning and adopting values, norms, and beliefs of one's culture.

  • Acculturation: Adoption of beliefs and behaviors from another culture.

  • Assimilation: Minority groups adopt characteristics of the dominant culture.

PERSONALITY

  • A product of socialization, influenced by biological inheritance, cultural environment, social groups, and past experiences.

DEVIANCE

  • Behavior, beliefs, or conditions violating social norms within a society or group.

  • Factors defining deviance: time, place, situation, and culture.

  • Theories of Deviance:

  • Structural-Functionalism (Emile Durkheim): Crime is inevitable and normal.

  • Strain Theory (Robert Merton): Deviance results from societal structure.

  • Symbolic Interactionism: Deviance is learned through interaction.

HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

  • Social Interaction: The way individuals respond to each other through language, symbols, and gestures. Includes cooperation and conflict.

  • Social Structure: Organized relationships within society. Includes status and role elements (ascribed and achieved, master statuses, status symbols, role conflicts, and role strains).

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

  • Organized systems fulfilling fundamental needs within a society. Examples include: Family, religion, government, education, economy, health, mass media, and social networks.

  • Kinship: Established through blood (consanguineal), marriage (affinal) or cultural rituals. Includes different family structures.

  • Trends: Influences of industrialization, divorce rates, and state benefits impact family structures. Trends include single parent families, dual income families, stepfamilies, cohabitation and adoption. Factors and influences impacting marriage and family dynamics.

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UCSP 2nd Quarter Handouts - Human Biocultural and Social Evolution PDF

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