Behaviour
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Questions and Answers

What is often a key factor influencing patients' adherence to medication?

  • Beliefs about the necessity and risks of the medicines (correct)
  • Concerns about the cost of medication
  • Recommendations from family and friends
  • The presence of a primary healthcare provider
  • What percentage range is estimated for medications not taken as prescribed?

  • 50%-70%
  • 10%-20%
  • 40%-60%
  • 30%-50% (correct)
  • Which of the following factors does NOT typically impact health outcomes related to occupation?

  • Personal risk factors
  • Type of occupation
  • Annual salary of the job (correct)
  • Levels of social support
  • How does unemployment generally affect individuals?

    <p>It has adverse physical, mental, and social effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of long-term unemployment on individuals?

    <p>Adverse health outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers conclude about patient non-adherence?

    <p>It often reflects a logical response to personal perceptions and concerns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes complex interventions?

    <p>Broad cultural interventions targeting complex problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding non-adherence to medications?

    <p>It is always due to patients' lack of understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily contested in public health according to the content?

    <p>The definition of health and well-being (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theoretical perspective in sociology emphasizes the stability of society through interdependent roles?

    <p>Structural functionalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how do personal characteristics influence health-seeking behavior?

    <p>They influence the decision on whether to seek help (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is closely linked to the positivist approach in social sciences?

    <p>The scientific method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept relates to the societal expectations of behavior among individuals who are ill?

    <p>Sick role (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT a focus of the social sciences in public health?

    <p>Developing new medical treatments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sociologist is NOT associated with the structural functionalism perspective?

    <p>Herbert Marcuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data do social researchers consider, according to the content?

    <p>Both qualitative and quantitative data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily used to describe an individual's subjective experience of symptoms?

    <p>Sickness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT identified by Mechanic as influencing illness behaviour?

    <p>Cultural perceptions of illness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Pilowski and Spence, which group is characterized by a stoical and withdrawn approach to symptoms?

    <p>Anglo-Saxon groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to both illness and disease collectively?

    <p>Sickness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a competing interpretation that may influence how symptoms are perceived?

    <p>Basic needs leading to denial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason diseases with dramatic symptoms are often attended to more promptly?

    <p>Higher perceived seriousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how the term 'disease' is defined?

    <p>Abnormalities of form and function that are clinically diagnosed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor may inhibit an individual from seeking medical care due to emotional reasons?

    <p>Cost of treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs in clinicians' recall of euthanasia cases during interviews?

    <p>Clinicians initially remember few cases but recall more over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a positivist perspective approach the study of euthanasia cases?

    <p>By quantifying the number of euthanasia cases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of motivational interviewing?

    <p>To develop the patient's motivation for behavior change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with motivational interviewing?

    <p>Questioning the patient aggressively to provoke change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

    <p>To interrupt cycles of unhealthy behavior with healthier alternatives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is highlighted in a constructivist perspective on clinician recall?

    <p>The impact of the researcher on clinicians' memories. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of motivational interviewing?

    <p>Confronting resistance directly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In interventions targeting behavior change, what is an example of an individual-level intervention?

    <p>Face-to-face health promotion techniques. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of social marketing in the context of health promotion?

    <p>To utilize advertising techniques for societal benefit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the four Ps of marketing described in social marketing?

    <p>Personality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Key Action Area 5 of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion focus on?

    <p>Developing personal skills among individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can hinder an individual's self-esteem, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Societal position or related issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does empowering individuals play in health behavior change?

    <p>It enables individuals to strive for personal and societal goals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancers is associated with increased sun exposure?

    <p>Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can low self-esteem impact an individual's health behavior?

    <p>It may prevent individuals from reaching their potential (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the SunSmart campaign is true?

    <p>It aims to raise awareness about skin cancer prevention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary purposes of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the context of health behavior change?

    <p>To prepare individuals for scenarios like being offered a cigarette. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a financial incentive scheme in the content?

    <p>Reimbursements for mental health treatment in France. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What central concern is associated with the use of financial incentives for behavior change?

    <p>They are considered a potential form of bribery or moral issue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model did Rogers develop to explain the general movement towards change?

    <p>Diffusion Model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about obesity trends since the 1980s is accurate?

    <p>A sharp rise in obesity has been observed in various Western countries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the effectiveness of financial incentives for health behavior change?

    <p>They may work in the short term but need additional support for long-term impact. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is highlighted regarding the attribution of causality between lifestyle and health effects?

    <p>Causality between lifestyle aspects and health effects is often difficult to establish. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation must healthcare professionals and public health practitioners make in response to continuous changes in health systems?

    <p>They must be prepared to adapt their behavior and embrace change. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Social Sciences

    The study of how individuals, groups, and institutions interact within society.

    Society

    A collection of people living in a shared geographical area with common identities, culture, and interactions.

    Structural Functionalism

    A sociological perspective that views society as a system of interconnected parts working together for stability. It emphasizes social roles and functions.

    Social Conflict

    A sociological perspective that emphasizes power, inequality, and conflict in society. It focuses on groups competing for resources.

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    Interpretivism

    A sociological perspective that emphasizes the meaning and interpretation of symbols in social interactions. It focuses on how we create and understand reality through these symbols.

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    Quantitative Research

    A method of studying social phenomena by collecting and analyzing numerical data. It uses statistics and quantitative techniques.

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    Qualitative Research

    A method of studying social phenomena by collecting and analyzing non-numerical data, such as text, images, and observations. It focuses on understanding lived experiences and interpretations.

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    Motivational Interviewing

    A counselling method that helps individuals develop their motivation to change behavior by exploring their ambivalence towards change.

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    Motivational Interviewing: Patient-Centered

    A patient-centered approach that aims to understand and respect the individual's perspective.

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    Motivational Interviewing: Reflective Listening

    Using empathy and reflective listening to understand the patient's feelings and experiences.

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    Motivational Interviewing: Discrepancy

    Highlighting the discrepancy between a person's values and their current behaviors.

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    Motivational Interviewing: Roll with Resistance

    Responding with understanding and acceptance when someone resists change.

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    Motivational Interviewing: Self-Efficacy

    Building the patient's belief in their own capacity to change.

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    Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

    A therapy approach that aims to change unhealthy behavior patterns by replacing them with healthier ones.

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    CBT: Focus

    CBT focuses on identifying and changing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that contribute to unhealthy patterns.

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    Social Marketing

    The use of commercial marketing techniques to promote health messages to individuals and society.

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    Four Ps of Marketing

    A set of strategies used in social marketing that involve considering the product, its price, how it's made available, and how it's promoted.

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    Developing Personal Skills

    A health behavior change model that emphasizes the importance of developing individual skills and empowering people to take control of their health.

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    Creating Supportive Environments

    A health behavior change model that focuses on creating opportunities and support for healthy choices in communities and environments.

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    Strengthening Community Action

    A health behavior change model that focuses on raising awareness about health issues and promoting positive health behaviors.

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    Building Healthy Public Policy

    A health behavior change model that focuses on building positive relationships and promoting healthy behaviors through social networks.

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    Reorienting Health Services

    A health behavior change model that focuses on empowering individuals to make informed choices about their health by providing them with accurate information and resources.

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    Health Education

    A health behavior change model that emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing the underlying causes of health problems.

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    Financial Incentives in Health Promotion

    Offering financial incentives to encourage healthier behaviors, like vouchers for smoking cessation, financial rewards for weight loss targets, or money towards healthcare costs for adhering to medication plans.

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    Diffusion of Innovations

    A model that explains how individuals and groups adopt new ideas or behaviors, starting with early adopters, then spreading through the population.

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    Behavior Change Theories

    A process that aims to understand why people engage in particular behaviors, using theories from psychology and sociology to explain and predict behavior trends.

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    Obesity

    A state where a person's body mass index (BMI) is considered too high, often associated with increased health risks.

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    Lifestyle

    The ways in which individuals live their lives, encompassing their dietary choices, physical activity levels, sleep habits, and exposure to stressors.

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    Health System Transformation

    Continuous changes occurring within health systems, including innovations in practices, structural changes, and adaptation to evolving population health needs.

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    Adaptability in Healthcare

    The ability to adjust one's behavior in response to change, embracing new opportunities that may arise from a changing environment.

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    Beliefs about medication and adherence

    Factors like beliefs about medicine's risks and benefits can influence how well patients follow their prescribed medication.

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    Non-adherence is nuanced

    Despite common perceptions, non-adherence to medication isn't just about forgetfulness or certain patient types. It's often a complex decision.

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    Job insecurity and health

    Job security, or lack thereof, can impact health. Worrying about losing your job can negatively affect physical and mental well-being.

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    Occupation and health risks

    While work generally benefits health, some occupations have inherent risks. Consider industries like construction or healthcare.

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    Unemployment and health

    Being unemployed can have negative impacts on mental and physical health, especially long-term unemployment.

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    Tackling complex problems

    Complex societal issues like poor diet require multifaceted solutions that address social, cultural, and individual factors.

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    Adherence

    The extent to which a patient's behavior matches agreed-upon medical recommendations.

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    Triggers

    A set of factors or circumstances that cause or influence a specific action or behavior.

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    Illness Behavior

    Factors that influence how someone perceives and responds to illness symptoms.

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    Visibility of symptoms

    Visible signs and symptoms of a health issue.

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    Perceived seriousness

    The patient's assessment of how serious their symptoms are.

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    Disruption caused by symptoms

    The impact of symptoms on daily life.

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    Tolerance threshold

    The level of discomfort or annoyance a person can tolerate before seeking help.

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    Knowledge and assumptions

    The knowledge, beliefs, and assumptions about illness held by the patient or those evaluating them.

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    Illness

    A person's subjective experience of illness.

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    Disease

    Objectively diagnosed health abnormalities in the body.

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    Study Notes

    Human Behaviour

    • Achieving health and well-being in populations is a priority for public health specialists, although definitions of these concepts are contested and reactions to illness vary between cultures.
    • The chapter discusses pre-conceptions of health and illness (e.g., the "sick role" and social expectations), deviant behaviour, and stigma.
    • Personal characteristics and social position influence help-seeking behaviour.
    • Social sciences aim to understand human behaviour, motivations, and attitudes, and how they change over time.
    • Society is more than just a collection of individuals; it's defined by interaction, shared geography, identity, and culture.

    Disciplines Concerned with Human Behaviour

    • Psychology: Studies mental processes and behaviours of individuals.
    • Sociology: Studies social interactions, groups, and institutions. Sociology acknowledges that group behaviour can differ from individual behaviour.
    • Anthropology: Studies human cultures (often differentiated from biological anthropology, which focuses on evolution).
    • History: Records and interprets past events.

    Importance to Public Health

    • These disciplines are crucial for understanding:
      • Individual behaviour
      • Group behaviour within populations
      • Healthcare organisation behaviour

    Social Research

    • Data can be quantitative (numerical) or qualitative (textual/pictorial).
    • Most social research combines both types.

    Terminology (in Social Sciences)

    • Epistemology: Study of knowledge (origin, nature, methods, and limits).
    • Theoretical Perspective: Philosophical stance guiding research design and methodology (affecting the approach to the researched phenomenon).
    • Methodology: Strategy for answering research questions using specific methods.
    • Ontology: Study of the nature of being (e.g., whether facts are constructed in the mind or exist in an external world).
    • Reflexivity: Acknowledging that observation can affect the studied environment.

    Major Theoretical Perspectives (in Sociology)

    • Structural Functionalism: Society viewed as objective reality, with interdependent components working together.
    • Social Conflict: Society focused on competition for resources and material production. This can lead to class divisions and impacts on health inequalities.
    • Interpretivism (or Symbolic Interactionism): Focuses on social interactions and how individuals subjectively interpret society, including labelling which can lead to stigmatisation.

    Qualitative Methods

    • Ethnography: Detailed study of a group's behaviour through prolonged participant or non-participant observation.
    • Interviews: Semi-structured (guided discussions) or in-depth.
    • Focus Groups: Gathering 6-10 people to explore opinions and responses through discussion.
    • Case Studies: Investigating particular systems (e.g., a healthcare organisation) using multiple data collection methods for thorough analysis.

    Individual Behaviour Change

    • Motivational Interviewing: A patient-centred method focused on developing motivation for change by exploring reasons for ambivalence to behaviour change.
    • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Aims to interrupt cycles of unhealthy behaviour by replacing them with healthier ones.

    Incentives for Behaviour Change

    • Personal financial incentives are sometimes used to encourage positive behaviour changes (e.g., vouchers for smoking cessation).

    Changing Behaviour

    • Health systems constantly change, encompassing practice innovations, structural reconfigurations, and evolving population needs.
    • Different attitudes exist toward change (e.g. missionaries vs. laggards).
    • Rogers' diffusion model explains how people adopt new ideas/behaviours.
    • Various psychosocial theories explain why people behave as they do. These theories include social learning theory, organisational change theory, diffusion of innovations theory, and social constructivist theory.

    Lifestyle Factors and Health

    • Obesity prevalence has risen substantially since the 1980s.
    • Obesity is linked to increased risks of chronic disease (e.g., type 2 diabetes, CHD, cancer).
    • Physical activity is important for reducing obesity risk and chronic disease risk.
    • Alcohol consumption guidelines and recommendations are discussed.

    Other Health Behaviours

    • Recreational drug use, smoking, and sexual behaviors influence health.
    • The discussion of societal implications of these choices is also discussed.

    Psychology of Decision-Making in Health

    • Patients' decision-making processes and choices about healthcare are complex, impacted by symptom perception, perceived severity, and potential social and personal concerns.

    Occupation and Health

    • Employment has positive impacts on general health. However, certain jobs can expose workers to risks.
    • Unemployment has substantial negative impacts on individuals, families, and society (e.g., mental health, financial strain), influenced by duration and anticipatory factors.

    Complex Interventions

    • Combating complex health problems often involves comprehensive interventions that integrate medical, behavioral, and socio-environmental approaches.
    • This multi-faceted strategy requires recognizing both individual and social factors influencing behaviour.
    • A broad range of strategies (including "nudges") can influence health-related outcomes.

    Concepts of Health and Well-being

    • Different agencies and thinkers have different definitions of health and well-being, often emphasizing different aspects/components.
    • The World Health Organization (WHO) definition emphasizes health well-being not just the absence of disease.

    Concepts of Primary and Secondary Deviance

    • Deviance is considered a behaviour unacceptable in a specific culture.
    • Primary deviance is the initial behaviour before labeling as deviant.
    • Secondary deviance is the consequence of the label and how it affects the person.

    Illness Behaviour

    • This section examines factors influencing individuals' responses to illness (e.g., symptoms, cultural differences, perceived severity of symptoms).

    Illness as a Social Role

    • Illness (and health) have social aspects.
    • The "sick role" concept describes expected rights and responsibilities of individuals who are perceived as ill by society.

    Patient-Centred Versus Doctor-Centred Care

    • Contemporary health care is moving towards more patient-centered approaches.
    • Patient-centered care emphasizes shared decision-making, active patient involvement, and written communication . Doctor-centred approaches tend to be more hierarchical and focused on expert advice.

    Risk Behaviour

    • Individual risk behavior is contingent on a range of personal, social and environmental factors.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of health, illness, and well-being within the context of human behaviour. Topics include the 'sick role', social expectations, and how personal characteristics influence help-seeking behaviours. Additionally, it addresses the roles of psychology, sociology, and anthropology in understanding human interactions and cultures.

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