Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ligaments in the vertebral column?
What is the primary function of ligaments in the vertebral column?
- To protect the spinal cord from injury
- To permit movement in all directions
- To hold the vertebral column in an upright position (correct)
- To store calcium and phosphate
Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column?
Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column?
- Interspinous ligament
- Supraspinous ligament
- Anterior longitudinal ligament (correct)
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
What part of the spine consists of 5 fused bones?
What part of the spine consists of 5 fused bones?
- Lumbar
- Cervical
- Coccygeal
- Sacral (correct)
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column?
Which bone structure combines to form the cranial cavity?
Which bone structure combines to form the cranial cavity?
What physiological function do bones NOT perform?
What physiological function do bones NOT perform?
What can cause an accentuated lumbar curvature, also known as lordosis?
What can cause an accentuated lumbar curvature, also known as lordosis?
How many bones comprise the shoulder girdle?
How many bones comprise the shoulder girdle?
What are the four important functions of muscle as stated?
What are the four important functions of muscle as stated?
Which type of muscle is specialized for rhythmic contractions?
Which type of muscle is specialized for rhythmic contractions?
What characterizes skeletal muscle contractions?
What characterizes skeletal muscle contractions?
What type of connective tissue wraps each muscle fiber?
What type of connective tissue wraps each muscle fiber?
How does cardiac muscle respond to increased demand?
How does cardiac muscle respond to increased demand?
Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?
Which statement correctly describes smooth muscle?
Which statement correctly describes smooth muscle?
What term describes the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies?
What term describes the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies?
What is a primary role of skeletal muscle in relation to the environment?
What is a primary role of skeletal muscle in relation to the environment?
How is the average number of muscle fibers per motor unit characterized?
How is the average number of muscle fibers per motor unit characterized?
What is the effect of stimulating a single motor unit?
What is the effect of stimulating a single motor unit?
Which type of movement involves one flat bone sliding over another?
Which type of movement involves one flat bone sliding over another?
Which type of movement is characterized by the bending motion that decreases the angle between two bones?
Which type of movement is characterized by the bending motion that decreases the angle between two bones?
What type of muscle is characterized by the absence of coarse connective tissue?
What type of muscle is characterized by the absence of coarse connective tissue?
What does plantar flexion refer to?
What does plantar flexion refer to?
What type of muscle organization is primarily found in the walls of hollow organs?
What type of muscle organization is primarily found in the walls of hollow organs?
Which movement increases the angle between two bones?
Which movement increases the angle between two bones?
Which type of movement refers to increasing the angle between two bones?
Which type of movement refers to increasing the angle between two bones?
Which movement involves lifting the foot so that it points toward the shin?
Which movement involves lifting the foot so that it points toward the shin?
What describes the movement of the radius around the ulna when the palm faces down?
What describes the movement of the radius around the ulna when the palm faces down?
What is the action of moving a limb away from the midline of the body called?
What is the action of moving a limb away from the midline of the body called?
Which term is used for the movement called 'jutting the jaw out'?
Which term is used for the movement called 'jutting the jaw out'?
What is the term for the movement that involves pulling a body part superiorly?
What is the term for the movement that involves pulling a body part superiorly?
What is the opposite of inversion when referring to the movements of the foot?
What is the opposite of inversion when referring to the movements of the foot?
What occurs during isotonic muscle contraction?
What occurs during isotonic muscle contraction?
Which proteins are part of the actin myofilaments?
Which proteins are part of the actin myofilaments?
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in muscle relaxation?
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase in muscle relaxation?
How is calcium transported during muscle relaxation?
How is calcium transported during muscle relaxation?
What structural change occurs to the I Band during relaxation?
What structural change occurs to the I Band during relaxation?
Which of the following best describes isometric muscle contraction?
Which of the following best describes isometric muscle contraction?
What happens to the binding sites on actin during muscle relaxation?
What happens to the binding sites on actin during muscle relaxation?
What is the primary energy source that powers muscle contraction?
What is the primary energy source that powers muscle contraction?
Study Notes
The Spine
- The lumbar spine is made up of 5 bones (L1-L5)
- The sacrum is made up of 5 fused bones
- The coccyx is made up of 4 fused bones
- The lumbar spine is responsible for low back movement
Clinical Deviations of the Spine
- Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column
- Scoliosis typically occurs in an S or C pattern
- Lordosis is an accentuated lumbar curvature
- Being overweight or pregnant can cause lordosis
Function of Ligaments
- Ligaments hold the vertebral column in an upright position
- The anterior longitudinal ligament prevents hyperextension and is strong
- The posterior longitudinal ligament prevents hyperflexion and is relatively weak
Types of Muscle Contractions
- Skeletal muscles can contract rapidly but fatigue easily
- Smooth muscles contract slowly and steadily
- Cardiac muscle contracts at a steady rate but can accelerate to meet demand
Functions of Muscles
- Muscles produce movement
- Muscles maintain posture
- Muscles stabilize joints
- Muscles generate heat
Connective Tissue, Muscle Fibers, and Wrappings
- Muscle fibers are the primary components of muscle tissue
- Muscles also contain blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue
- Endomysium wraps around each muscle fiber
- Muscle fibers are gathered into bundles, wrapped by perimysium
- Muscle bundles are wrapped by epimysium
Types of Movements
- Gliding: One flat bone slides over another.
- Angular: Increases or decreases the angle between two bones.
- Flexion: Bending motion that decreases the angle of the joint.
- Extension: Straightening motion that increases the angle of the joint.
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond a straight position.
- Rotation: Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis.
- Special:
- Supination: Palm facing up.
- Pronation: Palm facing down.
- Inversion: Sole of the foot facing inwards.
- Eversion: Sole of the foot facing outwards.
- Protraction: Non-angular motion forwards (e.g., jutting the jaw out).
- Retraction: Non-angular motion backwards (e.g., pulling the jaw back).
- Elevation: Moving a body part upwards.
- Depression: Moving a body part downwards.
Muscle Contractions
- Isotonic: Muscle contracts and gets shorter, tension remains constant.
- Isometric: Muscle generates tension but doesn't change length.
Muscle Relaxation
- Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine, preventing further stimulation of muscle fibers.
- Calcium ions move away from myofilaments and are actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
- Without calcium, troponin and tropomyosin block binding sites on actin, preventing myosin from forming cross-bridges.
- Myosin and Actin return to their original positions, causing the I band to widen and the Z lines to move further apart.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the spine and muscles, focusing on key structures such as the lumbar spine, sacrum, coccyx, and the types of muscle contractions. Additionally, it explores clinical deviations like scoliosis and lordosis, and the role of ligaments in maintaining spinal integrity. Test your knowledge on these essential components of human anatomy!
