Human Anatomy: Spine Overview

<p>It results in stretching of the back (posterior) annulus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fibers have alternating obliquities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its layered structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are thinner compared to the anterior wall. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They tighten and provide stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributes weight and absorbs shock. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recruitment of larger muscles at the expense of mobility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thicker discs and greater motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The outer layer absorbs shock while the inner gel maintains space. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lumbar vertebrae have larger muscle attachments for carrying weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It connects the spine to the pelvis and delivers nerves to pelvic organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases in height by the end of the day due to compression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ipsilateral abs and erectors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L4 and L5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erector spinae and multifidus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obliques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eccentric contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperextension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While performing a sit-up with feet held down (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rectus abdominis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compresses the abdominal cavity to support internal organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It laterally flexes the vertebral column when activated unilaterally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased lordosis leading to potential compression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal Oblique (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Walking speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disc flattening and potential fissures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Walking surface texture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased compression force on the spine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30° (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases to the highest level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The center of mass travels anterior to the ankle of the planted limb. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loading Response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60° (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>13° (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25° extension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pre-Swing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mid Stance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hip flexion improves toe clearance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5° plantar flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limits flexion and extension while permitting some rotation and side bending. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balance the head as a first-class lever. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atlanto-Occipital joint. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contribute to contralateral rotation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transverse ligament. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transverse plane rotation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribs that directly attach to the sternum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flexion of the cervical spine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kyphotic curve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supports flexion and extension but limits rotation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to the presence of ribs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occiput and axis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erector spinae group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The end plates become larger to support weight. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The area where nutrients diffuse from the vertebra to the disc.

The outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc, made of collagen and fibrocartilage.

The outermost layer of the annulus fibrosus.

Alternating layers of the annulus fibrosus have oblique angles (around 30 degrees).

The anterior portion of the annulus fibrosus is thicker than the posterior portion.

The posterior annulus fibrosus is thinner and more susceptible to herniation.

The thicker anterior annulus handles compressive forces better, distributing load.

The layered structure of the annulus fibrosus supports motion while maintaining disc integrity.

Inward curve of the spine in the cervical and lumbar regions.

Outward curve of the spine in the thoracic and sacral regions.

The neck region of the spine (C1-C7), highly flexible.

The upper back region (T1-T12), relatively immobile.

The lower back region (L1-L5), supports most weight.

Two adjacent vertebrae, intervertebral disc, and ligaments working together for movement.

Fluid-filled disc between vertebrae, absorbing shock and maintaining space.

Protecting the spinal cord, maintaining posture, transmitting weight to limbs.

Allowing head and trunk motion, absorbing forces, and providing muscle attachment points.

Joints allowing small motions between vertebrae, separated by fibrous-cartilaginous discs.

Internal and external obliques work together to maintain a neutral position during side bending. Internal obliques rotate the trunk to the same side, while external obliques rotate the trunk to the opposite side.

The L5-S1 joint is the most flexible and least stable region of the lumbar spine, creating the greatest amount of sagittal plane movement.

The primary muscle responsible for lumbar flexion is the rectus abdominis.

Lumbar extension involves two muscle layers: Erector spinae, spanning multiple segments, and deep spinal muscles, connecting adjacent segments.

Muscles like quadratus lumborum and psoas major are responsible for unilateral flexion (side bending). The opposite side of the motion causes an eccentric contraction.

Efficient lumbar stabilizers include obliques, transverse abdominis, multifidus, and quadratus lumborum.

The rectus abdominis muscle increases abdominal pressure during isometric contraction. This resists extension forces and controls against hyperextension.

The psoas major muscle contributes to hip flexion and external rotation, especially when the lumbar spine is fixed.

Muscles that work to counteract or neutralize the actions of other muscles, preventing unwanted movements.

Compresses the abdominal cavity, assists with exhalation, and rotates the trunk (same side as the muscle).

Flexes the spine laterally (one side) and extends it (both sides).

Provides compression and support for the abdominal wall, acts as an internal 'corset'.

Stabilize individual segments of the spine during movement without changing length.

The angle between the sacrum and the lumbar spine, indicating spine curvature.

Body weight puts a forward bending load on the spine, requiring muscles to counteract the torque.

Activities like bending, coughing, or sneezing increase pressure on the intervertebral disc, potentially leading to herniation.

The disc flattens over time, and fissures can develop in the outer layer.

Walking speed is a key indicator of overall health, reflecting the function of major bodily systems.

Limited flexion/extension, some rotation and side bending due to rib attachments.

A step is the initial contact of one foot to the ground while a stride is two steps; the initial contact of one limb to then the initial contact of the same limb again.

Initial Contact and Loading Response are the two phases where both feet are in contact with the ground during the gait cycle.

Primarily supports flexion/extension, limits rotation for stability under load.

Superior facet moves forward and up, and the inferior facet moves backward and down.

Mid Stance occurs when the center of mass travels directly over the planted foot.

Superior facet moves down and backward, inferior facet moves upward and forward.

The Initial Swing phase begins when the foot lifts from the ground and the limb starts to advance forward.

Rotation occurs around the vertebral column axis, with facet impaction and gapping. Gapping occurs on the same side as the rotation, impact occurs on opposite.

The four rockers of normal gait are the heel, ankle, forefoot, and toe.

Knee flexion is the most important factor in determining minimal toe clearance during Initial Swing, which is typically about 60° of flexion.

Balances the head, acting as a first-class lever, requiring suboccipital muscles to counterbalance gravity.

Supination of the foot during gait refers to a rigid foot with less flexibility. This contrasts with pronation, which is more flexible.

Concave/convex joint that allows nodding (flexion and extension).

Pivot joint enabling significant transverse plane rotation (about 50%).

During Loading Response, the subtalar joint becomes more flexible (pronates) to unlock and allow for shock absorption.

High flexibility, allowing about 80° extension and 50° flexion from anatomical position.

The peak ankle eversion occurs during Early Mid Stance, reaching 7° of eversion.

Side-bending producing a down and back movement to the same side.

During Terminal Stance, the subtalar joint becomes rigid (supinated) and the ankle inverts from eversion to inversion, returning to neutral or 5° of inversion.

Lateral flexion coupled with rotation to the same side (except in C1-C2)

Stabilizes C1 and C2, stretching across from axis to occiput.

Less mobile than other regions, sacrificed mobility for stability, due to attachment with ribs.

40-degree kyphotic curve, formed by wedge-shapes vertebral bodies.

True (directly connected to sternum), False (connected via cartilage), Floating (no connection).