Human Anatomy Quiz

Course Information

• Course title: Anatomy Theoretical
• Course level: First Level
• Course semester: First Semester
• Academic year: 2024-2025
• University: Mansoura National University
• Faculty: Faculty of Nursing

Anatomy

• Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other.
• It originates from a Greek word meaning "to cut up".
• It is fundamental to medical practice.
• It helps physicians understand diseases and patients.
• Anatomical knowledge is critical for careers in healthcare.

Anatomical Position

• The standard reference position for describing the location of structures.
• Body is erect, feet close together, and face directed forward.
• Upper limbs are straight at sides, palms facing forward.

Anatomical Planes

• Sagittal plane: a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left parts.
  • Median sagittal plane: divides the body into equal right and left halves.
  • Parasagittal plane: divides the body into unequal right and left parts.
• Coronal plane: a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts.
• Transverse plane: a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.

Anatomical Terms Related to Position

• Superior: Toward the head.
• Inferior: Toward the feet.
• Anterior: Toward the front of the body.
• Posterior: Toward the back of the body.
• Medial: Toward the midline of the body.
• Lateral: Away from the midline of the body.
• Proximal: Closer to the point of origin or attachment.
• Distal: Farther from the point of origin or attachment.
• Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body.
• Deep: Farther from the surface of the body.
• Internal: Inside an organ or cavity.
• External: Outside an organ or cavity.

Anatomical Terms Related to Movements

• Flexion: Decreases the angle between two bones.
• Extension: Increases the angle between two bones.
• Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
• Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body.
• Rotation: Movement around an axis.
• Medial rotation: Rotation toward the midline.
• Lateral rotation: Rotation away from the midline.
• Circumduction: Movement of a limb in a circular manner.
• Protraction: Moving a body part forward.
• Retraction: Moving a body part backward.

Body Organization

• The human body consists of multiple systems, each composed of organs.
• Organs comprise many tissues.
• Tissues are composed of groups of similar cells.
• Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body.

Body Regions

• Major body regions include head, neck, trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities.
• The trunk is further divided into thorax, abdomen, and pelvis.

Body Systems

• Cardiovascular system: Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products.
• Digestive system: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
• Endocrine system: Communicates through hormones.
• Integumentary system: Includes skin and its appendages.
• Lymphatic system: Defends against disease-causing agents.
• Musculoskeletal system: Supports the body and enables movement.

Body Membranes

• Pleurae: Covers the lungs.
• Pericardium: Covers the heart.
• Peritoneum: Covers the abdominal viscera.

Locomotor System

• Consists of bones, joints, and muscles.
• Bones provide structure, support, and protection.
• Bones classified by structure (compact, cancellous) and shape (long, short, flat).
• Long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), and ends (epiphyses)
• Bones have functions for support, attachment, protection, storage of minerals, and blood cell formation.

Bones

• Classification of bones according to structure: Compact bone and cancellous bone
• Classification of bones according to shape: Long bones (femur, humerus), short bones, flat bones, irregular bones.

Joints

• Joints are classified according to the tissue connecting bones.
  • Fibrous: Holds bones together tightly; no movement (sutures of skull)
  • Cartilaginous: bones connected by cartilage; limited movement (pubic symphysis).
  • Synovial: fluid-filled cavity between bones allowing free movement (hip joint).

Muscles

• Muscles are responsible for movement of the body.
  • Skeletal muscles: Voluntary movement. Striated appearance. Attached to bones.
  • Smooth muscles: Involuntary control. Non-striated appearance. Found in internal organs.
  • Cardiac muscles: Involuntary control. Striated appearance. Found in the heart.

Cardiovascular System

• Transports blood delivering oxygen, nutrients, and removing waste products.
• The heart is a muscular pump, with four chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
• Valves control blood flow direction.
• Blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) carry blood.

Respiratory System

• The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange.
• Components include nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
• Lungs have millions of tiny air sacs (alveoli) where gas exchange occurs.

Lymphatic System

• A network of vessels and organs that help maintain fluid balance, and protects the body against infection.
• Lymph nodes and vessels filters lymph and supports the immune system.

Digestive System

• Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste.
• Components include the alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines) and accessory organs (liver, pancreas, gallbladder).
• Food passes through the alimentary canal to be digested and absorbed.

Nervous System

• The nervous system regulates body functions through electrical signals.
  • Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord.
  • Peripheral nervous system: cranial nerves, spinal nerves.
  • Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Endocrine System

• Communicates using hormones (chemical messengers)
• Endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and pancreas secrete hormones into the blood, which influence metabolism, growth, reproduction and other body functions.

Test your knowledge on various aspects of human anatomy including the nervous system, dental structures, and anatomical terminology. This quiz covers essential concepts related to health professions and the importance of understanding human anatomy.