Human Anatomy Quiz: Integument & Skeleton

Study Notes

Skin and Epidermis

Five layers of the epidermis in sequential order: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.
The epidermis is avascular but contains nerve endings.
Keratinocytes are the primary cells in the epidermis, constituting 90% of its cells.
Skin types: thick skin is found in areas like palms and soles, while thin skin covers most of the body.
Tissue types in the skin: primarily stratified squamous epithelium in the epidermis, dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis, and adipose tissue in the hypodermis.

Pelvis Differentiation

Female pelvis is wider and has a larger pelvic inlet; male pelvis is narrower and has a more prominent sacrum.

Bones Identification

Axial Skeleton includes bones of the cranium, facial bones, vertebrae, and ribs.
Appendicular Skeleton consists of upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, etc.), lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, etc.), and girdles (pectoral and pelvic) that attach limbs to the axial skeleton.
The adult human body contains 206 bones, which can be recognized in a disarticulated state.

Joint and Phalanges

Anatomical name for the elbow is the olecranon.
Each hand has 14 phalanges: three in each finger and two in the thumb (total of 28 phalanges in both hands).
Recognize the obturator foramen as the large opening in the hip bone.

Vertebrae Types

Types of vertebrae: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused), and coccygeal (4 fused).
Lumbar vertebrae are the largest, supporting body weight in a standing position.

Cranial Sutures

Major sutures of the cranium include the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures.

Connective Tissue Composition

Tendons and ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.
These tissues heal slowly due to poor blood supply, making them prone to injury.
Cartilage contains chondrocytes; fat tissue in the hypodermis is composed of adipocytes.

Effects of Tobacco

Tobacco smoke adversely affects the respiratory system by damaging tissues, leading to respiratory issues.

Burns and Healing

Understand physiological symptoms of burns:
- First-degree: redness and minor pain
- Second-degree: blistering and severe pain
- Third-degree: charring, no pain due to nerve damage
Even minor heart attacks can lead to fibrosis in cardiac muscle due to the heart's inability to regenerate muscle cells.

Bone Structure

Three types of lamellae in compact bone:
- Concentric lamellae: arranged around central canals, forming osteons
- Interstitial lamellae: fill spaces between osteons
- Circumferential lamellae: encircle the entire bone beneath the periosteum.

Skin Model Anatomy

Recognize layers of skin:
- Epidermis: outermost layer
- Dermis: middle layer with connective tissue and blood vessels
- Hypodermis: deepest layer composed of adipose tissue.
Exocrine glands in the skin include sebaceous (oil) glands and sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine).

Description

Test your knowledge of the human anatomy, including the five layers of the epidermis, pelvis differentiation between genders, and the bones of the axial and appendicular systems. Additionally, assess your understanding of the total number of bones in the adult human body and their identification in disarticulated form.