Human Anatomy: Meninges and CSF

<p>Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arachnoidal cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lumbar (spinal) tap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Posterior spinal arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enlargement of the head (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supplying the medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocks the entry of certain harmful substances into the CNS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemorrhage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To visualize blood vessels in detail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electroencephalography (EEG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory and motor pathways respectively (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C3, C4, C5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Terminal end of the spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical and Lumbar regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical lesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filum terminale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulation of consciousness and autonomic activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal columns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skin area innervated by a single nerve root (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>X, IX, XI, XII (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyramidal decussation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forms a butterfly or 'H' shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Densely packed myelinated fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the level of consciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudounipolar neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon hillock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive incoming signals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axoplasmic flow is slower compared to transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glial scars are formed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acting as the immune defense (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cell body with multiple branches and long axon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple dendrites and one axon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of motor functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotransmitters are typically fast-acting while neuromodulators manifest more slowly and last longer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axoaxonic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ca2+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In synaptic vesicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To activate effector proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single presynaptic neuron fires rapidly in succession. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contains receptors for neurotransmitter binding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simultaneously from two or more presynaptic neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of neurotransmitters into the extracellular fluid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow diffusion of a small number of ions at a constant rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The minimum voltage needed for depolarization to occur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in membrane potential below the resting state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They represent an 'all or nothing' response once the threshold is reached. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It actively maintains an unequal concentration of ions across the membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanical, temperature, or chemical stimuli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They increase the likelihood of generating action potentials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The neuron becomes hyperpolarized and cannot fire an action potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple excitatory potentials occurring at the same site over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of myelin sheaths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inside of the cell becomes more positive than the resting state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decay and diminish over distance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is faster due to decreased internal resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They open in response to specific neurotransmitter binding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thick, tough outer layer of the meninges.

The middle layer of the meninges, thinner and avascular.

The delicate innermost layer of the meninges, in direct contact with the brain.

Clear fluid produced in the choroid plexus, cushions and nourishes the brain.

A primary extrinsic tumor of the CNS commonly arising from arachnoidal cells.

A procedure where a needle is inserted to collect cerebrospinal fluid.

A condition involving excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in the ventricles.

Blood supply from internal carotid and vertebral arteries to the brain.

An anastomosis of arteries supplying the brain's cerebral hemispheres.

Supplies the medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes.

Supplies lateral hemisphere and internal structures; major stroke artery.

Supplies occipital lobe and parts of temporal lobe.

Brief loss of brain function with recovery within 24 hours.

Neurological deficits lasting over a day due to a vascular issue.

Occlusion of a blood vessel leading to tissue death.

Rupture of a blood vessel causing bleeding in the brain.

A barrier preventing pathogens from entering the CNS.

Measures changes in O2 consumption to assess brain function quickly.

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials that increase likelihood of action potential.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that decrease likelihood of action potential.

Rapid, successive firing of same presynaptic fiber leads to increased PSP.

Simultaneous activation of multiple presynaptic inputs leads to increased PSP.

A neuron receives input from multiple other neurons.

A neuron sends outputs to multiple postsynaptic neurons.

Receptors that directly allow passage of ions, acting quickly.

Receptors that activate ion channels indirectly through a G protein.

Chemicals released into the synaptic cleft affecting post-synaptic neurons.

Chemicals released into extracellular fluid affecting many neurons more slowly.

Process involving synthesis, packaging, release, receptor interaction, and inactivation of neurotransmitters.

Small structures that store neurotransmitters in presynaptic terminals.

An autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular junction, weakening muscles by blocking ACh receptors.

A substance that promotes or mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter.

A substance that impedes or blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter.

The spinal cord extends from the medulla to L1/L2, branching into cauda equina.

Enlarged region of the spinal cord (C4-T1) for the brachial plexus.

Enlargement (L2-S3) corresponding to the lumbosacral plexus.

Bundle of spinal nerves below the conus medullaris, resembling a horse’s tail.

Skin area innervated by sensory fibers of a single nerve root.

Group of muscles innervated by motor fibers of a single nerve root.

Contains cell bodies and capillaries, shaped like an 'H' in the spinal cord.

Densely packed myelinated fibers surrounding the gray matter.

Fibers that transmit sensory information from the spinal cord to the brain.

Fibers that carry motor commands from the brain to the spinal cord.

Involves a single spinal level, shows specific dermatomal and myotomal patterns.

Affects tracts causing loss of function below the lesion level.

Controls vital functions; contains reticular formation for consciousness and autonomic activities.

Nerves that emerge directly from the brain, linked to various functions including sensory and motor.

Allow ions to cross cell membranes in both directions.

Always open channels allowing slow diffusion of ions.

The electrical state of a neuron when inactive, typically -65mV.

Active transport pumping 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in, maintaining charge imbalance.

The process of making the inside of a neuron less negative.

All-or-nothing electrical impulse generated if threshold is reached.

Time after an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire again.

Rapid transmission of action potential along myelinated axons.

Local depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron after neurotransmitter binding.

Ion channels that open or close in response to specific stimuli.

The critical level of depolarization needed to trigger an action potential.

When the inside of the neuron becomes more negative than resting potential.

Channels that open in response to physical stimulus like pressure or temperature.

Initial changes in membrane potential marking the start of signal transmission.

A complex net of neurons in the brainstem with structural connections.

Part of RF that regulates levels of consciousness like alertness and coma.

Excitable cells that receive and transmit signals controlling body functions.

Supporting cells that protect and assist neurons in the nervous system.

A membrane structure with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates important for neuron function.

Proteins that create pores in membranes to allow ion diffusion.

Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, found in sensory nerves.

Neurons with two processes extending from the soma, found in specific sensory locations like the retina.

Most common type of neuron with three or more processes extending from the soma.

The conducting portion of a neuron that transmits information away from the cell body.

Branch-like extensions from the neuron that detect stimuli.

The metabolic center of the neuron containing the nucleus and organelles.

Glial cells that form and maintain myelin sheaths in CNS axons.

Glial cells that form myelin sheaths of PNS axons to ensure fast signal conduction.

Process of one-way signal conduction involving neurotransmitters between neurons.