Human Anatomy Lesson 11: Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What are the general functions of the respiratory system?

  • Voice production (correct)
  • Blood pH regulation (correct)
  • Olfaction (correct)
  • Gas exchange (correct)

    • The maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinus are present at birth.

    False

    The _____________ moves upwards to cover the nasopharynx when eating.

    soft palate

    What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

    <p>maintain the passageway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory pathologies with their descriptions:

    <p>Laryngitis = Inflamed vocal cords Pleural Effusion = Excessive fluid in the lungs and difficulty breathing Pneumothorax = Air inside the pleural cavity, hindering lung expansion Atelectasis = Collapse of a lung or part of a lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of CO2 in the body?

    <p>35-45</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gas is the major regulator of ventilation?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During expiration, the thoracic cavity volume decreases. Is this statement true or false?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation of hemoglobin requires iron, vitamins B12 and folate, and ____________.

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood cell types with their descriptions:

    <p>Neutrophils = Most abundant white blood cells Lymphocytes = Include B and T cells, produce antibodies Monocytes = Transform into macrophages, kidney-bean shape nucleus Platelets = Responsible for blood clotting Erythrocytes = Anucleated cells with a lifespan of 100-120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure inside the ventricles drops during the ________.

    <p>start of ventricular diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood pressure during ventricular diastole?

    <p>Decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Filter pathogens from the lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following primary lymphatic organs with their functions:

    <p>Thymus = Site of maturation of T lymphocytes Bone Marrow = Production of immune cells Spleen = Filters the blood and destroys RBCs Lymph Nodes = Filter pathogens from lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive immunity is specific and has memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process in which white blood cells come out of the blood vessels into the surrounding area in case of injuries?

    <p>Diapedesis or Emigration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Leukocytosis refer to?

    <p>High white blood cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are derived from ruptured multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a low count of ________.

    <p>platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following WBC types with their abundance ranking: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

    <ol> <li>Neutrophils = Most abundant</li> <li>Lymphocytes =</li> <li>Monocytes =</li> <li>Eosinophils =</li> <li>Basophils =</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the liver?

    <p>The main function of the liver is to produce bile, perform carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, process drugs and hormones, store iron, and carry out phagocytic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of the Gastric Phase?

    <p>Presence of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Gastric Phase produces the greatest volume of gastric secretions and is activated by the presence of ?.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Intestinal Phase triggers bile storage in the gallbladder.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of the first line of defense in the immune system?

    <p>Skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered inflammatory cells and release histamines?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural Killer Cells have a memory of previous infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the amount of available iron.

    <p>Iron-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of T cells with their functions:

    <p>Helper T cells/CD4T = Released cytokines, help B cells and macrophages Cytotoxic T cells (Killer T cells/CD8T cells) = Kill cells displaying recognized antigen Regulatory T Cells (suppressor T cells) = Suppress activity of T and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general functions of the digestive system?

    <p>Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is acquired immunity categorized?

    <p>Artificially Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the digestive tract composed of? _________

    <p>Serosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barrett's esophagus may lead to esophageal adenocarcinoma. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibodies play in Hypersensitivity Responses?

    <p>Trigger the release of histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Pericardium?

    <p>To wrap and protect the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the heart receives blood through pulmonary veins?

    <p>Left Atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle generates a greater blood pressure than the right ventricle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ventricles are major pumping chambers that function to eject blood into __________ and allow flow in the circulatory system.

    <p>arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following heart sounds with their descriptions:

    <p>S1 = First heart sound (lub) S2 = Second heart sound (dupp) S3 = Third heart sound S4 = Fourth heart sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    General Functions

    • Gas exchange
    • Blood pH regulation
    • Voice production
    • Olfaction
    • Innate immunity

    Zones

    • Conducting Zone: from nose to bronchi
    • Respiratory Zone: from respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

    Nasal Cavity

    • Divided by nasal septum
    • Turbinates increase surface area for air filtration and humidification
    • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (LAAB) lines the nasal cavity

    Pharynx

    • Common passageway for solid foods, liquids, and air
    • Divided into three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

    Larynx

    • Made up of 9 cartilages
    • Muscles in the larynx control sound production and airway opening/closing
    • Glottis: opening of the airway
    • True vocal cords: for sound production
    • False vocal cords: prevent air from leaving the lungs

    Trachea

    • Made up of 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilages
    • Posterior portion has a muscle called trachealis muscle
    • Diameter changes for breathing and coughing

    Bronchi

    • Right primary bronchi: shorter and wider
    • Left primary bronchi: longer and narrower

    Lungs

    • Wrapped by pleura
    • Parietal pleura: outermost layer, near thoracic wall
    • Visceral pleura: tightly adherent to the lungs
    • Pleural cavity: between parietal and visceral pleura, contains pleural fluid

    Respiratory Membrane

    • Structure: alveolus, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, capillary endothelium, and blood
    • Type 1 pneumocyte: one layer thick for easy gas exchange
    • Type 2 pneumocyte: produces surfactant to decrease surface tension

    Respiratory Physiology

    • Events in respiration: breathing, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, and internal respiration
    • Lung compliance: a measure of the ease of inflation
    • Respiratory volumes and capacities: tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, inspiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, functional capacity, vital capacity, and total capacity

    Pathologies

    • Pleuritis: inflamed pleura

    • Pleural effusion: excessive fluid in the pleural space

    • Pneumothorax: air in the pleural space

    • Atelectasis: collapsed lung or part of a lung

    • Infant respiratory distress syndrome/hyaline membrane disease: immature lungs, lack of surfactant### Blood

    • Protection against foreign substances requires Vitamins B12 and folate, Iron, and Erythropoietin (produced by the kidney)

    • Blood characteristics:

      • pH: 7.35-7.45
      • Temperature: 100.4°F (38°C)
      • Blood volume: 5-6 L (6 quarts)
      • Blood makes up 8% of body weight
      • Composition: Plasma (55%), Proteins (7%), Water (91%), and Other solutes (2%)

    • Formed elements: Platelets (250-400 thousand), WBC (5-9 thousand), and RBC (4.2-6.2 million)

    Red Blood Cell Destruction

    • Stercobilin gives color to stool
    • Urobilinogen gives color to urine
    • Too much RBC destruction leads to high bilirubin and jaundice (yellow skin color)

    Blood Cells

    • WBC (Leukocytes) functions:
      • Immune response
      • Diapedesis (emigration into surrounding tissues)
      • Ameboid motion (using pseudopodia)
      • Chemotactic response
    • WBC types:
      • Neutrophils (most abundant, 60-70%)
      • Lymphocytes (20-25%)
      • Monocytes (3-8%)
      • Eosinophils (2-4%)
      • Basophils (0.5-1%)
    • Granulocytes:
      • Neutrophils (multi-lobed nucleus, phagocytic)
      • Eosinophils (eosinophilic, pinkish granules, figure of 8 structure)
      • Basophils (heparin and histamine, involved in allergic reactions)

    Hemostasis

    • Process:
      1. Vascular spasm (smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction)
      2. Platelet plug formation (platelet adhesion, platelet activation, and platelet aggregation)
      3. Coagulation (fibrin formation, clotting)
    • Platelet plug formation:
      • Platelet adhesion (von Willebrand factor and glycoprotein Ib-IX receptor)
      • Platelet activation (release of ADP, thromboxane A2, and adhesion)
      • Platelet aggregation (positive feedback mechanism)

    Blood Disorders

    • Related pathologies:
      • Sickle Cell Anemia
      • Polycythemia Vera
      • Leukemia
      • Thrombocytosis
      • Thrombocytopenia
    • Hemophilias:
      • Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
      • Hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency)

    Cardiovascular System

    • Heart functions:
      • Generates blood pressure
      • Routes blood
      • Ensures one-way blood flow
      • Regulates blood supply
    • Blood vessel functions:
      • Carries blood
      • Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
      • Transports substances
      • Directs blood flow to tissues

    Heart Anatomy

    • Heart shape and size: blunt cone, approximately the size of a closed fist
    • Heart location: thoracic cavity, surrounded by pericardial cavity
    • External anatomy:
      • Right and left atria
      • Right and left ventricles
      • Coronary sulcus
      • Anterior and posterior interventricular sulcus
    • Heart chambers:
      • Right atrium
      • Left atrium
      • Right ventricle
      • Left ventricle

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular valve (AV):
      • Tricuspid valve (between right atrium and right ventricle)
      • Bicuspid valve (between left atrium and left ventricle)
    • Function: allows blood to flow from atria to ventricles and prevents backflow

    Pathologies

    • Pericarditis (inflammation in pericardium)
    • Cardiac Tamponade (fluid buildup in pericardial cavity, compressing the heart)### Heart and Blood Vessels
    • The heart has four chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle.
    • The heart pumps blood through the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the body.
    • The cardiac cycle consists of atrial systole, diastole, ventricular systole, and diastole.
    • The cardiac conduction system includes the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
    • The ECG (electrocardiogram) measures the electrical activity of the heart.
    • The PQ interval represents the time between the start of the P wave and the start of the QRS complex.
    • The QT interval represents the time between the start of the QRS complex and the end of the T wave.

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, distributing oxygen-rich blood to the body.
    • Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that allow for gas exchange between the blood and tissues.
    • Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, with valves that prevent backflow.
    • The aorta is the largest artery, arising from the left ventricle and dividing into smaller arteries.
    • The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

    Heart Sounds and Murmurs

    • Heart sounds are caused by blood turbulence and valve closures.
    • The first heart sound (S1) is caused by the closure of the AV valves, and the second heart sound (S2) is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves.
    • Heart murmurs are abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent blood flow.

    Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output

    • Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on blood vessels, measured in mmHg.
    • Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
    • The formula for blood pressure is BP = CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance).
    • Factors affecting cardiac output include heart rate, stroke volume, preload, afterload, and contractility.

    Control of Blood Pressure

    • Neural factors, such as the baroreceptors, help regulate blood pressure.
    • Hormonal factors, such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, also play a role.
    • The kidneys help regulate blood pressure through sodium and water balance.

    Lymphatic System

    • The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, organs, and tissues that defend the body against infection and disease.
    • Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a clear fluid that bathes tissues and helps remove waste and toxins.
    • Lymph nodes, such as those in the neck and armpits, filter lymph and trap pathogens.
    • The spleen filters the blood, removing old red blood cells and other foreign substances.

    Immunity

    • Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense against infection.
    • Adaptive immunity provides specific, long-lasting defense against infection through the action of B and T lymphocytes.
    • The immune system defends against infection through mechanisms such as phagocytosis, antibody production, and complement activation.

    Note: This is a summarized version of the text, focusing on key points and concepts.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the respiratory system, including the general functions of paranasal sinuses, such as gas exchange, blood pH regulation, and voice production.

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