Human Anatomy: Heart Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood to the body?

  • Right Ventricle
  • Left Atrium
  • Right Atrium
  • Left Ventricle (correct)

What is the primary function of the heart valves?

  • To contract and relax to pump blood
  • To regulate the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs
  • To prevent blood from flowing back into the heart (correct)
  • To filter blood before it enters the heart

Which of the following blood vessels carries oxygen-poor blood from the body back to the heart?

  • Superior/Inferior Vena Cava (correct)
  • Aorta
  • Pulmonary Veins
  • Pulmonary Arteries

What is the name of the valve that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

<p>Mitral Valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between pressure and heart valve function?

<p>High pressure in a chamber causes the valve to close (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?

<p>Right Atrium -&gt; Right Ventricle -&gt; Pulmonary Arteries -&gt; Lungs -&gt; Pulmonary Veins -&gt; Left Atrium -&gt; Left Ventricle -&gt; Aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the left ventricle require a thicker myocardium compared to other heart chambers?

<p>It pumps blood to the entire body, which requires greater force (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

<p>To prevent blood from flowing back into the atria during ventricular contraction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions involves the incomplete closure of a heart valve, leading to backflow of blood?

<p>Valve Regurgitation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the chordae tendinae in relation to the atrioventricular valves?

<p>To prevent the valves from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

<p>Bicuspid Valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the papillary muscles during ventricular contraction?

<p>They contract, tightening the chordae tendinae to prevent valve prolapse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the semilunar valves?

<p>They prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of valve stenosis?

<p>Stiffening and thickening of the valve. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of anastomoses in the heart?

<p>They provide alternate routes for blood flow, ensuring sufficient blood supply to the heart muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

<p>To prevent blood from flowing back into the right ventricle during ventricular relaxation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these blood vessels directly branches from the aorta?

<p>Coronary Arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Coronary Sinus?

<p>Drains oxygen-poor blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these blood vessels is commonly known as the 'widow maker'?

<p>Anterior Interventricular Artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of the pulmonary arteries?

<p>They carry oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure allows the direct transmission of electrical signals between neighboring myocardial cells?

<p>Gap Junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intrinsic pacemaker of the heart?

<p>SA Node (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ion movement is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase of the cardiac action potential?

<p>Sodium ions flowing into the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiac conduction system?

<p>Coronary Sinus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Place the following structures of the cardiac conduction system in the correct order of excitation progression:

<p>SA Node, AV Node, AV Bundle, Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a CORRECT description of the cardiac action potential's plateau phase?

<p>The cell is maintained in a depolarized state due to a slow influx of calcium ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What wave on an EKG represents atrial systole?

<p>P Wave (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What heart sound is produced by the closure of the SL valves?

<p>S2 Heart Sound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During ventricular diastole, which of the following occurs in the ventricles?

<p>Ventricular volume increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents the prolapse of the AV valves into the atria during ventricular contraction?

<p>Chordae tendinae tension from papillary muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which complex on an EKG represents ventricular systole?

<p>QRS Complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What opens first during the depolarization phase of the SA Node action potential?

<p>Cation leak channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs immediately after the influx of Na+ ions in the SA Node?

<p>Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the EKG represents ventricular repolarization?

<p>T Wave (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do the voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate in the cardiomyocyte action potential?

<p>Inactivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes diastole in the context of the cardiac cycle?

<p>Relaxation of the myocardium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the plateau phase of the cardiomyocyte action potential?

<p>Voltage-gated Ca++ channels open (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds with atrial filling due to relaxation?

<p>Atrial Diastole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events upon ventricular contraction?

<p>AV valve closes, SL valve opens, ventricular pressure rises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the QRS complex on an EKG primarily represent?

<p>Ventricular Depolarization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the electrical cycle in the SA Node?

<p>Leakage of Na+ through cation channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Aortic Semilunar Valve

A valve that opens during left ventricle contraction to allow blood into the aorta.

Systemic Circuit

The pathway where oxygen-rich blood is distributed to body organs/tissues.

Oxygen Status in Pulmonary Arteries

Contain oxygen-poor blood traveling from the heart to the lungs.

Thickest Myocardium Chamber

The left ventricle has the thickest myocardium for strong contractions to pump blood.

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Heart Valves Function

Ensure one-way blood flow and prevent backflow (regurgitation).

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Pressure Differences and Valves

Valves open/close due to pressure gradients created by heart contraction.

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Major Aorta Branches

Include brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian artery.

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Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

Valves located between the atria and ventricles of the heart.

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Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve)

Valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle.

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Tricuspid Valve

Valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

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Semilunar Valves

Valves located between the ventricles and their respective arteries.

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Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries.

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Valve Stenosis

Condition where valves cannot fully open, restricting blood flow.

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Valve Regurgitation

Condition where heart valves do not close properly, allowing backflow of blood.

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Anastomosis

Joining of two or more blood vessels to ensure blood supply.

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Coronary Arteries

Vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart tissues.

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Coronary Sinus

A vessel that drains oxygen-poor blood from coronary veins into the right atrium.

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Anterior Interventricular Artery

Also known as the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD); supplies blood to the left ventricle.

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Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygen-rich blood toward the heart.

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Pulmonary Arteries

Carry oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs.

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SA Node

Intrinsic pacemaker of the heart initiating each heartbeat independently.

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Cardiac Action Potential

Electrical changes during heart muscle contraction phases.

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Depolarization Phase

Phase where Na+ channels open and Na+ ions flow into the cell.

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Plateau Phase

Phase where Ca++ channels open, allowing Ca++ influx triggering contraction.

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Gap Junctions

Structures allowing electrical signal transmission between neighboring heart cells.

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Repolarization

The process where K+ channels open and K ions exit the cell, returning the membrane potential to resting state.

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SA Node Action Potential Steps

The phases include cation influx causing depolarization, Na+ channel opening, K+ channel opening, and hyperpolarization.

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Diastole

A phase where the heart muscle relaxes, allowing chambers to fill with blood.

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Systole

A phase of contraction of the heart muscle, pushing blood from chambers.

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Cardiomyocyte Action Potential

Includes four steps: depolarization, inactivation, plateau, and repolarization during a heartbeat.

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P Wave

Represents atrial depolarization in an EKG tracing, marking the start of the cardiac cycle.

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QRS Segment

Indicates ventricular depolarization and hides atrial repolarization's effect in an EKG.

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T Wave

Denotes ventricular repolarization on an EKG, indicating recovery of ventricles.

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Cardiac Cycle - Atrial Diastole

A phase of the cardiac cycle where atria relax, increasing volume and decreasing pressure in the atria.

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Cardiac Cycle - Atrial Systole

During this phase, the atria contract, reducing their volume and increasing pressure for blood flow to ventricles.

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Atrial Systole

Phase where the atria contract, moving blood into the ventricles.

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Ventricular Diastole

Phase of ventricular relaxation, increasing volume and decreasing pressure.

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S2 Heart Sound

Sound produced by the closure of the semilunar valves.

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Ventricular Systole

Phase where ventricles contract, decreasing volume and increasing pressure.

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AV Valve Closure

Closure occurs due to increased ventricular pressure during systole.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • Systemic Circuit: Carries blood to/from body tissues; originates from the left side of the heart.
  • Pulmonary Circuit: Carries blood to/from lungs; originates from the right side of the heart.
  • Coronary Circuit: Carries blood to/from heart tissues; originates from the left side of the heart.
  • Mediastinum: Body cavity containing the heart.
  • Pericardium: Protective membranes surrounding the heart:
    • Fibrous Pericardium: Tough outer sac, made of dense irregular connective tissue
    • Serous Pericardium: Inner membrane with two layers:
      • Parietal Layer: Contacts thoracic cavity
      • Visceral Layer: Contacts the heart, inner most layer
  • Pericardial Sac: Structure from fusion of fibrous and serous pericardia
  • Pericardial Fluid: Fluid between parietal and visceral layers, preventing friction during heartbeats.
  • Heart Wall Layers (superficial to deep):
    • Epicardium: Contains blood and lymph vessels, supplying the heart.
    • Myocardium: Cardiac muscle fibers, with nutrients supplied by coronary arteries
    • Endocardium: Lines heart chambers and valves.

Cardiac Anatomy

  • Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus.
  • Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary circuit.
  • Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins.
  • Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit.
  • IVC (Inferior Vena Cava), SVC (Superior Vena Cava), Coronary Sinus: Return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
  • Heart Valves: Ensures one-way blood flow, preventing backflow:
    • Atrioventricular Valves (AV Valves): Between atria and ventricles.
  • Tricuspid Valve (right AV): between right atrium & ventricle
  • Mitral Valve (left AV) : between left atrium & ventricle
    • Semilunar Valves: Between ventricles and arteries
  • Pulmonary Semilunar : between right ventricle & pulmonary artery
  • Aortic Semilunar : between left ventricle and aorta
  • Interatrial Septum: Separates the atria.
  • Interventricular Septum: Separates the ventricles.
  • Fossa Ovalis: Remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.
  • Pectinate Muscles: Ridges in the atria.
  • Trabeculae Carne: Ridges in the ventricles.
  • Papillary Muscles: Contract to prevent valve inversion; attached to chordae tendinae.
  • Chordae Tendineae: Provide tension to papillary muscles

Blood Flow Through the Heart (10 steps)

  1. Blood enters the right atrium from the systemic circulation.
  2. Blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
  3. Blood moves from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.
  4. Blood flows to the lungs.
  5. Blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs.
  6. Blood flows from the lungs to the pulmonary veins.
  7. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart (left atrium).
  8. Blood moves from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
  9. Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.
  10. Blood is distributed to the rest of the body.

Additional Info

  • Cardiac Output: Amount of blood pumped by heart each minute = (stroke volume) x (heart rate)
  • Chordae Tendineae: Keeps atrioventricular valves anchored in ventricles preventing inversion when ventricles contract
  • Stroke Volume: Volume of blood ejected from heart with each contraction
  • Preload is a measure of the blood filling the heart, before contraction
  • Afterload is a measure of the pressure the heart must overcome in order to pump blood
  • Cardiac Cycle: Sequence of events in one complete heartbeat
  • Ejection Fraction: Percentage of blood ejected from the ventricles with each heartbeat
  • Electrical Conduction System of the heart includes SA node (pacemaker) -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> Purkinje fibers
  • Coronary Arteries: Supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients
  • Coronary Veins: Drain deoxygenated blood from the heart

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