Questions and Answers
Describe the respiratory pump.
The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.
To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body:
The inferior vena cava is considered a large vein.
True
Veins of the brain empty into?
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Where are chemoreceptors located?
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All of the following occur during exercise except:
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______ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.
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Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?
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A decrease in blood CO2 levels would cause?
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After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the?
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The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to _____ and returns blood to the _____.
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List the five general classes of blood vessels.
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Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit?
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If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.
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An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery.
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Define edema.
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Vasculogenesis refers to?
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Identify the largest artery in the body.
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Pulmonary veins carry blood to the?
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Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?
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Capillaries that have a complete lining are called?
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A 'blue baby' is often associated with what congenital heart defect?
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Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.
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The congenital heart defect most often associated with Down syndrome is?
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Arterioles ________.
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Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries?
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An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.
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Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the?
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The superior vena cava collects blood from the?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?
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RBCs move single file through this structure.
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The most common congenital heart defect is?
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Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit.
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Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
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Where is blood pressure the highest?
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In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
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Compared to arteries, veins have thinner walls.
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What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?
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After losing 25 percent of blood volume in a motorcycle accident, which of the following compensatory responses would NOT occur?
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Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the?
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Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the?
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These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.
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All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except:
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Blood pressure is lowest in the?
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Capillaries with a perforated lining are called?
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As blood travels from arteries to veins,
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Angiogenesis refers to?
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Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the?
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Materials can move across capillary walls by?
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List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance.
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Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure?
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Where is the majority of blood volume located during rest?
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Blood from the brain returns to the heart through the ________ vein.
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Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as?
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The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the?
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Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?
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Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled '1' in quiet inspiration?
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Asthma is:
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The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
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Which of these age-based changes is false?
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The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called?
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After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the?
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Define respiratory rate.
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During inhalation, pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.
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The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.
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_______ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.
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Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?
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The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the?
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The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except?
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The respiratory center is housed in the ______ of the brain.
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The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the?
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________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
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The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as?
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Boyle's law states that gas volume is?
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The technical term for 'breathing' is?
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Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?
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When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thorax increases.
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At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?
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What branches from the trachea?
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________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
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The glottis is?
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Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur?
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Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because?
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Name the lobes and fissures of each lung.
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Pulmonary ventilation refers to the?
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The C in COPD stands for?
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The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute.
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The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is?
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When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that:
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A mucosa consists of?
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Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as?
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Define respiratory defense system.
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Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as?
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How are hypoxia and anoxia different?
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Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the?
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The vocal ligaments are found in the?
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Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?
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The larynx contains all of the following except?
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During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
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Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory pump aids venous return to the heart by reducing thoracic cavity pressure during inhalation.
- Chemoreceptors are situated in the medulla oblongata, carotid bodies, and aortic bodies, monitoring blood gas levels.
- Anatomic dead space refers to air in the respiratory system that doesn't reach alveoli, thus not participating in gas exchange.
Blood Volume and Circulation
- The body defends blood volume against dehydration through multiple mechanisms.
- Blood flow to the skin decreases during exercise, prioritizing oxygen delivery to muscles instead.
- The inferior vena cava is a large vein responsible for returning blood to the heart.
Blood Vessels and Heart Anatomy
- Capillaries are the only blood vessels that allow for blood-tissue exchange due to their thin walls.
- Venules are the smallest venous vessels and collect blood from capillaries before it flows into larger veins.
- The systemic circuit supplies oxygenated blood to body organs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Blood Pressure and Resistance
- Mean arterial pressure for a blood pressure of 120/90 mm Hg is 100 mm Hg.
- Blood pressure is highest in arteries and is lowest in veins, with pressure dropping as blood moves from arteries to veins.
- Total peripheral resistance is influenced by vascular resistance, viscosity, and turbulence, but not by interstitial osmolarity.
Heart Conditions and Response to Hemorrhage
- Conditions like Patent ductus arteriosus lead to "blue baby" syndrome, a form of congenital heart defect.
- Immediate response to hemorrhage includes maintaining blood pressure, while long-term recovery focuses on restoring blood volume.
Gas Exchange and Respiratory Mechanics
- Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli at the respiratory membrane, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
- Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal inherited disease among Northern Europeans, affecting respiratory function.
- The respiratory defense system filters air to prevent contamination from debris and pathogens.
Anatomy of the Lungs and Airways
- The left lung has two lobes separated by an oblique fissure, while the right lung has three lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissures.
- The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi and is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage.
- The larynx’s glottis is the opening responsible for air passage, where vocal ligaments are situated.
Respiratory Rates and Lung Capacity
- Normal respiratory rates range from 12-18 breaths per minute, roughly aligning with heartbeats.
- Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled in a single cycle; functional residual capacity is the air remaining after quiet expiration.
- Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume.
Pathophysiology of the Respiratory System
- Conditions like asthma result from hypersensitivity in the airways, leading to breathing difficulty.
- Respiratory distress syndrome occurs due to insufficient surfactant production, causing alveolar collapse.
- Hypoxia refers to low oxygen levels in tissue, while anoxia represents a complete absence of oxygen supply.
Clinical Considerations
- Pulmonary COPD is characterized as a chronic condition impacting breathing.
- During a choking event, foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the right primary bronchus due to its anatomical features.
- Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as bicarbonate ions or converted into carbonic acid, facilitating pH balance and respiration.
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Description
Test your knowledge with flashcards covering key concepts from Chapters 19, 21, and 22 of human anatomy. This quiz includes important terms like the respiratory pump and the inferior vena cava, essential for understanding the circulatory and respiratory systems. Get ready to reinforce your learning and explore these vital anatomical functions.