Human Anatomy Chapters 19, 21, 22 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Describe the respiratory pump.

The respiratory pump is a mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart.

To defend blood volume against dehydration, the body:

  • All of these answers are correct (correct)
  • Releases hormones that promote retention of water
  • Increases fluid intake
  • Increases urine output

    • The inferior vena cava is considered a large vein.

    True

    Veins of the brain empty into?

    <p>dural sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are chemoreceptors located?

    <p>They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following occur during exercise except:

    <p>Decreased blood flow to skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.

    <p>capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the smallest venous vessels?

    <p>venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A decrease in blood CO2 levels would cause?

    <p>Increased blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After blood leaves the capillaries, it enters the?

    <p>venules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to _____ and returns blood to the _____.

    <p>body organs; right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the five general classes of blood vessels.

    <p>arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit?

    <p>right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a person has a blood pressure of 120/90, his mean arterial pressure would be ________ mm Hg.

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the ________ artery.

    <p>internal carotid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define edema.

    <p>Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vasculogenesis refers to?

    <p>the formation of the first vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the largest artery in the body.

    <p>aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary veins carry blood to the?

    <p>left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would have the greater effect on vascular resistance?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries that have a complete lining are called?

    <p>continuous capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 'blue baby' is often associated with what congenital heart defect?

    <p>Patent ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage.

    <p>The immediate problem related to hemorrhage is maintaining adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. The long-term problems related to hemorrhage is to restore normal blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The congenital heart defect most often associated with Down syndrome is?

    <p>Atrioventricular septal defect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arterioles ________.

    <p>Have a poorly defined tunica externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries?

    <p>Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.

    <p>oxygenated, systemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood is pumped into the pulmonary circuit from the?

    <p>Right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The superior vena cava collects blood from the?

    <p>Head, chest, and upper limbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of venous valves?

    <p>Channeling blood away from the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RBCs move single file through this structure.

    <p>capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common congenital heart defect is?

    <p>ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arrange the structures in the following list in the order that blood will encounter as it flows from the output side to the input side of the cardiovascular flow circuit.

    <p>4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following break(s) the rule that arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

    <p>Pulmonary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is blood pressure the highest?

    <p>arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?

    <p>a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compared to arteries, veins have thinner walls.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?

    <p>decreases CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After losing 25 percent of blood volume in a motorcycle accident, which of the following compensatory responses would NOT occur?

    <p>Circulatory shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary arteries carry blood to the?

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the?

    <p>right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.

    <p>systemic venous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All of the following occur in response to hemorrhage except:

    <p>Increased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood pressure is lowest in the?

    <p>veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries with a perforated lining are called?

    <p>fenestrated capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As blood travels from arteries to veins,

    <p>pressure drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Angiogenesis refers to?

    <p>the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the?

    <p>Osmolarity of interstitial fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Materials can move across capillary walls by?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance.

    <p>vascular resistance, viscosity, turbulence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure?

    <p>Arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the majority of blood volume located during rest?

    <p>systemic venous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood from the brain returns to the heart through the ________ vein.

    <p>internal jugular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as?

    <p>anatomic dead space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the?

    <p>Trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding lung cancer is correct?

    <p>All of the above are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled '1' in quiet inspiration?

    <p>External intercostals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Asthma is:

    <p>an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

    <p>thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these age-based changes is false?

    <p>Vital capacity increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called?

    <p>fissures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the?

    <p>functional residual capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define respiratory rate.

    <p>Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During inhalation, pressure inside the lungs is less than pressure outside.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

    <p>cricoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.

    <p>cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the?

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except?

    <p>Facilitating gas exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory center is housed in the ______ of the brain.

    <p>brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the?

    <p>pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

    <p>inspiratory reserve volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as?

    <p>hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boyle's law states that gas volume is?

    <p>Inversely proportional to pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The technical term for 'breathing' is?

    <p>pulmonary ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

    <p>Oropharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, the volume of the thorax increases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

    <p>respiratory membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What branches from the trachea?

    <p>primary bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

    <p>tidal volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The glottis is?

    <p>opening to the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur?

    <p>alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because?

    <p>it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the lobes and fissures of each lung.

    <p>The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure; the right lung, the horizontal fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe, while the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary ventilation refers to the?

    <p>movement of air into and out of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The C in COPD stands for?

    <p>chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute.

    <p>12-18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is?

    <p>respiratory distress syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that:

    <p>They are equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A mucosa consists of?

    <p>both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as?

    <p>bicarbonate ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define respiratory defense system.

    <p>The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination by debris and pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as?

    <p>internal respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are hypoxia and anoxia different?

    <p>Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the?

    <p>Lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vocal ligaments are found in the?

    <p>vocal folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

    <p>left lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The larynx contains all of the following except?

    <p>C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

    <p>right primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by blood:

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • The respiratory pump aids venous return to the heart by reducing thoracic cavity pressure during inhalation.
    • Chemoreceptors are situated in the medulla oblongata, carotid bodies, and aortic bodies, monitoring blood gas levels.
    • Anatomic dead space refers to air in the respiratory system that doesn't reach alveoli, thus not participating in gas exchange.

    Blood Volume and Circulation

    • The body defends blood volume against dehydration through multiple mechanisms.
    • Blood flow to the skin decreases during exercise, prioritizing oxygen delivery to muscles instead.
    • The inferior vena cava is a large vein responsible for returning blood to the heart.

    Blood Vessels and Heart Anatomy

    • Capillaries are the only blood vessels that allow for blood-tissue exchange due to their thin walls.
    • Venules are the smallest venous vessels and collect blood from capillaries before it flows into larger veins.
    • The systemic circuit supplies oxygenated blood to body organs and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

    Blood Pressure and Resistance

    • Mean arterial pressure for a blood pressure of 120/90 mm Hg is 100 mm Hg.
    • Blood pressure is highest in arteries and is lowest in veins, with pressure dropping as blood moves from arteries to veins.
    • Total peripheral resistance is influenced by vascular resistance, viscosity, and turbulence, but not by interstitial osmolarity.

    Heart Conditions and Response to Hemorrhage

    • Conditions like Patent ductus arteriosus lead to "blue baby" syndrome, a form of congenital heart defect.
    • Immediate response to hemorrhage includes maintaining blood pressure, while long-term recovery focuses on restoring blood volume.

    Gas Exchange and Respiratory Mechanics

    • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli at the respiratory membrane, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.
    • Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal inherited disease among Northern Europeans, affecting respiratory function.
    • The respiratory defense system filters air to prevent contamination from debris and pathogens.

    Anatomy of the Lungs and Airways

    • The left lung has two lobes separated by an oblique fissure, while the right lung has three lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissures.
    • The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi and is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage.
    • The larynx’s glottis is the opening responsible for air passage, where vocal ligaments are situated.

    Respiratory Rates and Lung Capacity

    • Normal respiratory rates range from 12-18 breaths per minute, roughly aligning with heartbeats.
    • Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled in a single cycle; functional residual capacity is the air remaining after quiet expiration.
    • Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume.

    Pathophysiology of the Respiratory System

    • Conditions like asthma result from hypersensitivity in the airways, leading to breathing difficulty.
    • Respiratory distress syndrome occurs due to insufficient surfactant production, causing alveolar collapse.
    • Hypoxia refers to low oxygen levels in tissue, while anoxia represents a complete absence of oxygen supply.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Pulmonary COPD is characterized as a chronic condition impacting breathing.
    • During a choking event, foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the right primary bronchus due to its anatomical features.
    • Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as bicarbonate ions or converted into carbonic acid, facilitating pH balance and respiration.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge with flashcards covering key concepts from Chapters 19, 21, and 22 of human anatomy. This quiz includes important terms like the respiratory pump and the inferior vena cava, essential for understanding the circulatory and respiratory systems. Get ready to reinforce your learning and explore these vital anatomical functions.

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