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Questions and Answers
Name and describe the three different layers of connective tissue in a muscle.
Name and describe the three different layers of connective tissue in a muscle.
- Endomysium - encloses a single muscle fiber. 2) Perimysium - wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibers. 3) Epimysium - covers the entire skeletal muscle.
Myofibrils are composed primarily of two protein filaments called ______ and _______.
Myofibrils are composed primarily of two protein filaments called ______ and _______.
Myosin and actin.
What is a motor unit?
What is a motor unit?
One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron.
Name the parts of a neuromuscular junction.
Name the parts of a neuromuscular junction.
What is acetylcholine and what does it do?
What is acetylcholine and what does it do?
Bundles of muscular fibers are called ________. Muscular fibers are made up of cylindrical organelles called _______.
Bundles of muscular fibers are called ________. Muscular fibers are made up of cylindrical organelles called _______.
List 4 functions of the muscular system.
List 4 functions of the muscular system.
What is the bare present zone in a relaxed sarcolemma?
What is the bare present zone in a relaxed sarcolemma?
Thick protein filaments within the A-bands are called?
Thick protein filaments within the A-bands are called?
Which protein filament slides inward during a muscle contraction?
Which protein filament slides inward during a muscle contraction?
What conducts a muscle impulse deep into a sarcoplasm?
What conducts a muscle impulse deep into a sarcoplasm?
What is the segment of a myofibril between two Z-discs called?
What is the segment of a myofibril between two Z-discs called?
What causes muscles to appear striated?
What causes muscles to appear striated?
Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles found in the _______.
Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles found in the _______.
What does creatine phosphate serve to do?
What does creatine phosphate serve to do?
What causes muscle fatigue and muscle cramps?
What causes muscle fatigue and muscle cramps?
What are the pros and cons of anaerobic glycolysis?
What are the pros and cons of anaerobic glycolysis?
It is the function of the _______ to supply energy for muscle fiber contractions.
It is the function of the _______ to supply energy for muscle fiber contractions.
What is fibromyalgia?
What is fibromyalgia?
What is Duchenne MD?
What is Duchenne MD?
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
What is Muscular Dystrophy?
What is Muscular Dystrophy?
What type of muscular movement would arm circles be?
What type of muscular movement would arm circles be?
What type of muscular movement would standing on your tip toes be?
What type of muscular movement would standing on your tip toes be?
What type of muscular movement would carrying a lunch tray on the palms of your hands be?
What type of muscular movement would carrying a lunch tray on the palms of your hands be?
What type of muscular movement would giving someone the 'OK' sign be?
What type of muscular movement would giving someone the 'OK' sign be?
The ________ appearance of skeletal muscles results from the arrangement of sarcomeres.
The ________ appearance of skeletal muscles results from the arrangement of sarcomeres.
______ has the major responsibility for a certain movement.
______ has the major responsibility for a certain movement.
_____ aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation.
_____ aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation.
______ opposes or reverses a prime mover.
______ opposes or reverses a prime mover.
A substance called a ______ crosses a synaptic cleft and stimulates the muscle fiber to contract.
A substance called a ______ crosses a synaptic cleft and stimulates the muscle fiber to contract.
A ________ can be described as cordlike and connecting muscles to bones, while an ______ would be described as a fibrous sheet of connective tissue connecting muscles to muscles.
A ________ can be described as cordlike and connecting muscles to bones, while an ______ would be described as a fibrous sheet of connective tissue connecting muscles to muscles.
______ is the shrinkage of a muscle due to lack of use.
______ is the shrinkage of a muscle due to lack of use.
The A bands are [light/dark] whereas the I bands are [light/dark].
The A bands are [light/dark] whereas the I bands are [light/dark].
What are the three types of muscles? Which type(s) are voluntary? Which type(s) are striated?
What are the three types of muscles? Which type(s) are voluntary? Which type(s) are striated?
What is meant by graded responses?
What is meant by graded responses?
How can you increase muscle endurance?
How can you increase muscle endurance?
How can you increase muscle size and strength?
How can you increase muscle size and strength?
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Study Notes
Connective Tissue Layers
- Endomysium: Encloses individual muscle fibers, providing support and insulating them.
- Perimysium: Envelops fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers), contributing to the muscle's strength.
- Epimysium: Surrounds the entire muscle, securing its structure while allowing flexibility.
Muscle Structure
- Myofibrils: Composed mainly of two proteins, myosin and actin, which are essential for muscle contraction.
- Fascicles: Bundles of muscular fibers, which are the building blocks of muscle tissue.
- Sarcomere: The segment between two Z-discs in a myofibril, functioning as the basic unit of contraction.
Muscle Functionality
- Motor Unit: A single motor neuron and all muscle cells it stimulates, crucial for muscle contraction.
- Functions of the Muscular System: Maintains posture, enables movement, stabilizes joints, and generates heat.
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
- Acetylcholine (ACh): A neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction, binding to receptors to initiate muscle contraction.
- Filament Sliding: During contraction, actin filaments slide toward the center of the sarcomere, while myosin filaments remain stationary.
Energy Sources and Fatigue
- Creatine Phosphate: Enhances the regeneration of ATP, providing immediate energy for muscle contractions.
- Muscle Fatigue: Caused by lactic acid accumulation during intensive exercise, leading to soreness and cramps.
- Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production required for sustained muscle contractions.
Muscle Pathologies
- Fibromyalgia: Syndrome marked by widespread pain and tenderness in soft tissues.
- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (MD): A genetic disorder primarily affecting boys, due to the absence of dystrophin.
- Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune condition that destroys ACh receptors, causing muscle weakness.
- Muscular Dystrophy: Encompasses over 30 genetic diseases causing progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.
Muscle Movement Types
- Circumduction: Movements like arm circles involve a circular motion.
- Plantar Flexion: Standing on tiptoes, extending the foot downward.
- Pronation: Carrying items with the palms up.
- Opposition: Making the "OK" sign with fingers.
Muscle Attributes
- Striated Appearance: Resulting from the alternating light and dark bands formed by the arrangement of sarcomeres.
- Prime Mover: The main muscle responsible for a specific movement.
- Synergist: Assists the prime mover and stabilizes movement.
- Antagonist: Opposes the action of the prime mover, providing balance.
Adaptations and Responses
- Graded Responses: Variations in muscle contractions that result in different degrees of shortening and strength.
- Improving Muscle Endurance: Achieved through aerobic exercise.
- Increasing Muscle Size and Strength: Enhanced by resistance training.
Muscle Anatomy Notes
- Tendons and Ligaments: Tendons connect muscles to bones, whereas ligaments connect muscles to other muscles.
- Atrophy: Refers to muscle shrinkage due to disuse.
- A and I Bands: A bands appear dark (thick filaments), while I bands appear light (thin filaments).
Muscle Types
- Skeletal Muscle: Striated and voluntary, responsible for movement and posture.
- Cardiac Muscle: Striated and involuntary, found only in the heart.
- Smooth Muscle: Non-striated and involuntary, located in walls of hollow organs.
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