Human Anatomy: Bone Structure and Movement

Intended Learning Outcomes

• Comprehend the sciences related to human movement.
• Relate body parts to good posture, lifting, and alignment.
• Describe the functions and structure of bones, muscles, and the skeletal system.
• Demonstrate proper body movements.

Introduction

• Specific skills are basic human movements, starting at conception and continuing until death.
• Infant movements include flexing, stretching limbs, rooting, sucking, and tonic neck reflexes.
• Throughout childhood, children develop more complex movements, including balance, muscle strength, coordination, and endurance.
• In adulthood, movements become more accurate and precise for daily life activities.

Sciences Related to Human Movement

• Sports Biomechanics focuses on reducing injury risk and improving performance in human movement.
• Exercise Physiology studies the internal systems and how they respond to exercise.
• Sports Psychology studies human behavior related to sports and exercise.
• Anatomy studies the structure of organisms and their movement mechanisms.
• Epidemiology studies the factors impacting health and disease.

Physical, Nutritional, Hydration, and Rest Factors

• Body composition, injuries, and rest hinder movement.
• Obesity and injuries make movement difficult.
• Healthy people have more control over their movements.
• Proper nutrition and rest improve strength and overall performance.

Parts of the Body

• All parts of the body work together for optimal movement.
• Injuries or weaknesses in one part affect the entire system.
• Understanding each part's function and how they interact is vital for understanding movement.

Background Knowledge of the Basic Parts of the Body

• The body is divided into four parts: head, trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities.
• Each part performs specific functions enabling movement.
• Understanding body structure and their functions is essential for proper posture and movement.

Factors Influencing Bone Health

• Heredity influences bone density.
• Proper nutrition is required for bone health, especially calcium.
• Hormonal status, particularly estrogen, affect bone mass density, particularly in females.
• Exercise and activity level are important factors for bone development, especially during childhood and adolescence.

Muscular System

• The muscular system is responsible for all movement in the body, from small twitches to complex coordinated efforts like breathing.
• Muscles are categorized as involuntary and voluntary muscles depending on how they are controlled.
• There are approximately 700 muscles in the human body and each plays a role in movement.
• Muscle types include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle which exhibit differences in structure, composition, and function.

Types of Muscular Contraction

• Isometric: Muscle tension without movement of the body part.
• Concentric: Muscle shortens to produce movement.
• Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under tension.

The Circulatory System

• The heart, blood vessels, and blood transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
• Blood circulation is a specific process involving the right and left ventricles and auricles of the heart and lungs.
• Blood vessels carry blood and its components to and from every part of the body.

The Respiratory System

• The respiratory system consists of organs like lungs and other air passages, responsible for intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide.
• The respiratory system has essential functions for life.

The Nervous System

• The nervous system controls every action in the body.
• Neurons transmit impulses, sending and receiving messages to and from the brain.
• The nervous system is essential for all bodily functions, including controlling body temperature.

The Excretory System

• The excretory system removes excess metabolic wastes and fluids.
• Organs in this system include the lungs, skin, kidneys, liver, and other organs.

The Endocrine System

• The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate various body functions including growth and development and reproduction.
• Glands of the endocrine system are the major players in this role.

The Digestive System

• The digestive system converts food into energy and nutrients.
• The digestive system encompasses all the main organs working together for this function.

Common Terms in Anatomical Structure

• Terms and locations of specific parts of the body are described.

Anatomy of Joints and Movements

• Different types of joints with their respective movements are emphasized.

Three Planes of Human Anatomy

• The frontal/coronal, sagittal/midsagittal, and transverse/horizontal planes are explained.

Three Axes of Rotation

• The planes of movement relating to rotational axes are explained.

Fundamental Motor Skills

• Categorization of movement skills, especially locomotor and axial movements.

Manipulative Skills

• Skills that involve using objects to create impact or receive it are explained.