Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Unit 3 Notes

• This unit covers movement and coordination within the human body.

Functions of the Skeletal System

• The skeletal system has 5 main roles:
  • Support
  • Protection of internal organs
  • Allows the body to move
  • Stores and produces materials

Support and Protection

• The skeleton shapes the body.
• The backbone (spine) is made of 33 vertebrae.
• Many bones protect vital organs:
  • Ribs and breastbone protect the heart and lungs.
  • The spine protects the spinal cord.
  • The skull protects the brain.

Storage and Production of Materials

• Bones store phosphorus and calcium.
• The breastbone and part of the thigh bone produce blood cells.

Development of Bones

• Bones change throughout a person's life.
• A newborn's skeleton is mostly cartilage.
• By young adulthood, most cartilage is replaced with bone through ossification.
• Calcium and phosphorus harden bones.
• Cartilage remains in some areas, such as the outer parts of the ears and nose.

Joints

• Joints connect two or more bones.
• Joints allow for movement and protect bones from friction/force.
• Ligaments hold bones together at the joints.

Eating Well

• Adequate calcium and phosphorus intake is essential for healthy bone development in children.
• Insufficient mineral intake can lead to osteoporosis (weak bones).
• Vitamins A, C, D, potassium and magnesium are also important for bone health.

Avoiding Bone Injuries

• Fractures (breaks in the bone) are the most common bone injury.
• Simple fractures are cracks or breaks in two or more pieces.
• Compound fractures involve the broken bone ends piercing the skin.
• Splints and casts aid in healing broken bones.
• Surgery may be needed in some cases.

Avoiding Joint Injuries

• Sprains are overstretched or torn ligaments.
• Dislocations occur when the ends of bones in a joint are forced out of place (shoulder, finger, hip).
• Torn cartilage is serious damage to the cartilage between bones in a joint (knee is common).
• Overuse injuries result from performing an activity too often or too strenuously, leading to joint irritation and inflammation (shoulders, knees, elbows).

Types of Muscles

• The body has three types of muscles:
  • Smooth muscles
  • Cardiac muscles
  • Skeletal muscles

Smooth Muscles

• Smooth muscles cause involuntary movements within the body.
• Found in the esophagus and intestines (pushing food).
• Present in blood vessels (circulation).

Cardiac Muscles

• Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found only in the heart.
• Responsible for heart beating and pumping blood.

Skeletal Muscles

• Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles attached to bones.
• Tendons connect muscles to bones.
• Used for movement.

Working Your Muscles

• Cardio workouts improve muscle endurance (how long it contracts).
• Lifting weights causes muscles to thicken and get stronger.
• Proper nutrition increases muscle growth.

Avoiding Muscle Injuries

• Strains or pulled muscles are painful injuries from overworking or stretching muscles too quickly.
• Tendonitis is painful swelling and irritation of tendons, often caused by overuse (tennis elbow, handheld device use).
• Muscle cramps are strong, uncontrolled muscle contractions.
• Massaging, stretching, and drinking plenty of water and electrolytes can help prevent/treat muscle cramps.

What is the Nervous System?

• The nervous system receives information from inside and outside the body.
• It processes information and creates a response.

Neurons

• Neurons carry messages/impulses through the body.
• Sensory neurons gather information from the environment (external/internal).
• Interneurons (only in the brain/spinal cord) pass impulses between other neurons.
• Motor neurons send impulses to muscles and glands.

Central Nervous System

• The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center of the body.
• The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord.

Brain

• The brain is a moist, spongy organ weighing about 3 pounds.
• It has three major regions:
  • Cerebrum (85% of brain): receives sensory info, controls movement, memory, speech, and reasoning. Divided into two hemispheres.
  • Cerebellum: coordinates body movements and balance.
  • Brain stem: controls involuntary functions (breathing, sneezing, eye reaction to light).

The Spinal Cord

• The spinal cord is a thick nerve column connecting the brain to most peripheral nerves.
• It sends impulses throughout the body.

Reflexes

• Reflexes are automatic responses to the environment.

Avoiding Head Injuries

• A concussion is a bruise-like injury to the brain.
• Symptoms can include drowsiness, confusion, nose bleeds, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and in severe cases, a prolonged period of unconsciousness (coma).

Avoiding Spinal Cord Injuries

• Paralysis is the loss of movement or sensation in part of the body.
• Spinal cord injuries can cause paralysis, and where the injury happened is a factor in location of the paralysis.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health

• These units focus on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems within the body.

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

• Delivering materials (blood vessels carry needed materials for survival).
• Removing waste (blood carries carbon dioxide to be exhaled).
• Fighting disease (blood helps fight microorganisms).

The Heart

• The heart has four chambers: two atria (receive blood) and two ventricles (pump blood out). Blood flows from atria to ventricles.

Heartbeat

• Two main phases: relaxation/filling with blood, then contraction/pumping blood out.
• Heartbeat sound is due to valves opening and closing.
• The pacemaker (group of cells in the right atrium) regulates heart rate.
• Normal heart rate is around 70-80 beats per minute (bpm).

Blood Vessels

• Three main types: arteries (carry oxygenated blood away from the heart), capillaries (smallest, nutrients/oxygen transport between blood and body tissues; regulate body heat transfer), veins (carry blood to the heart).

Blood Pressure

• Blood pressure is the force of blood against blood vessel walls.
• Normal blood pressure is 90/60 to 119/79; lower/higher than these ranges are categorized as low/high blood pressure. Prehypertension ranges from 120/80 to 139/89.

Blood

• Plasma (liquid part of blood): carries waste products to the kidneys.
• Red blood cells: carry oxygen from lungs to body tissue.
• White blood cells: protect against disease.
• Platelets: play a role in blood clotting.

Blood Types and Transfusions

• Blood types are A, B, AB, and O. Blood type compatibility is related to safe transfusions of blood.

Hypertension

• Hypertension is high blood pressure (140/90 or higher).
• Damage to blood vessels may result in no noticeable symptoms.
• Hypertension can be controlled with lifestyle changes.

Blood Cholesterol

• The body makes cholesterol used in cells, hormones, and nerve tissue.
• Cholesterol intake comes from animal products.
• Blood cholesterol is made up of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

• LDL carries cholesterol to body tissues.
• High LDL levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries (atherosclerosis).

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

• HDL removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it to the liver.
• HDL is considered "good" cholesterol due to its role in reducing cholesterol from artery walls.

Other Cardiovascular Disorders

• Heart murmur: extra sound in a heartbeat that is often harmless and goes away with time.
• Arrhythmia: irregular heartbeat.

Keeping Healthy

• Exercise for 60 minutes daily to strengthen the heart, lower blood pressure, and reduce stress levels.
• Limit fried and processed foods by eating oatmeal, beans, fruit, and vegetables, along with limiting salt in our diet.
• Avoid smoking for a reduced risk of heart attacks.

Respiratory System

• The respiratory system brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

The Pathway of Air

• Air enters through nostrils, passes the pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx, into the trachea, bronchi, and finally the alveoli (in the lungs).

Gas Exchange

• Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air.

The Breathing Process

• Inhalation: rib muscles pull ribs up and out, diaphragm flattens.
• Exhalation: diaphragm moves upward, rib muscles relax, ribs drop.

Living With Asthma

• Asthma is a respiratory disorder where airways become inflamed.
• Causes can range from irritants to life-threatening conditions.
• Common triggers include pollen, exercise, tobacco smoke, pet dander, dust, mold, cold air, and perfumes.

Exercise and Lifelong Fitness

• Physical activity involves large muscles working and is important at about 60 minutes a day for teenagers.
• Benefits include cardiovascular health, weight maintenance, stronger bones, balance, coordination and psychological benefits from endorphins released in response to exercise.

Components of Fitness

• Cardiorespiratory endurance: measures heart efficiency, blood vessels, and lungs functionality during exercise to efficiently deliver oxygen and nutrients.
• Muscular strength: measures muscle ability to use force, measured by weight lifted.
• Muscular endurance: measure sustained muscle use over time.
• Flexibility: measure of the ability of a joint to move through a range of motion.
• Body composition: proportion of fat tissue to lean tissue (muscle, bone) within the body.

Physical Activity Pyramid

• A pyramid representing levels of activity for achieving better health, with levels of Physical Activity organized and recommended for achieving health goals.

Types of Physical Activity

• Aerobic exercise: raises the heart rate and breathing.
• Anaerobic exercise: intense activity lasting short bursts.
• Isometric exercise: muscles contract with little movement, such as planks.
• Isotonic exercise: muscles contract through the full range of motion.
• Isokinetic exercise: muscles contract at a constant rate, such as squats.

Planning a Fitness Program

• Develop long-term and short-term goals to create a realistic fitness plan.

Long and Short-Term Goals

• Long-term goals are future fitness objectives that a person can work toward.
• Short-term goals are shorter-term, realistic objectives that can help a person in meeting their long-term goals.

Developing Your Fitness Plan

• Create a fitness plan based on current schedule/fitness level to meet your goals.
• If necessary, work with healthcare professional to adjust the workout plan to account for any health conditions.

4-Week Cardio & Strength Challenge

• A challenge outline for developing a fitness routine, including different workouts over a four-week period.

FITT Formula

• FITT is a formula to help you design workouts.
• Frequency – how often.
• Intensity – how hard.
• Time – how long.
• Type – what form of exercise.

Monitor and Alter

• Use tracking methods (charts/spreadsheets) to monitor your fitness progress.
• Adjust workouts as they become too easy by increasing reps/sets, weight/intensity, or time.

Phases of Exercise

• Warm-up: 5-10 minutes of light exercise, including stretching.
• Workout: Following FITT formula.
• Cool-down: 5-10 minutes of light exercise, including stretching (helps reduce muscle soreness).

Exercising Safely

• Medical care (checkup, address injuries).
• Safety equipment (proper footwear, protective gear).
• Address surroundings (avoid busy roads, adjust music level).
• Adjust for weather (clothing, sun protection).

Checking Your Surroundings

• Safety measures for running or biking (avoid busy roads, use well-lit areas).
• Managing headphone use to keep awareness of surroundings.

Weather Considerations

• Clothing should be appropriate for the weather.
• Wear sunscreen, hats, and gloves in cold/hot weather.

Proper Water and Food Intake

• Drink 16 ounces of water 1-2 hours before exercising to prevent dehydration.
• Unless working out for over an hour, water is likely sufficient hydration.
• Protein bars and similar products are essential for replenishing nutrients after an extended workout.

Avoiding Harmful Substances

• Dietary supplements: Only take supplements on doctor's recommendation, or assess nutritional balance through eating and adjusting for nutrient deficits.
• Anabolic steroids: Avoid this substance unless recommended by a doctor. It can potentially be harmful otherwise or cause potentially harmful side effects.

Overtraining

• Symptoms of overtraining include fatigue a few hours after exercise, nausea, loss of appetite, and irritability.
• Reduce workout intensity/length if these symptoms arise.

Sports-Related Injuries

• Overuse injuries (tendonitis, stress fractures) are common in sports and other repetitive activities.
• R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) helps in recovery from injuries.

Personal Care

• Focused on maintaining healthy hair, nails, and teeth.

The Teeth and Gums

• Four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, molars.
• Enamel is the hard outer layer of teeth.
• Gums fit tightly around teeth.

Structural Problems

• Malocclusion (misalignment of teeth, underbite or overbite).
• Impacted wisdom teeth need removal if there is no room to grow in properly.

Caring for Your Teeth and Gums

• Diet low in sugar and sports drinks for enamel health.
• Brush and floss regularly.
• Mouthguards in contact sports.

Dental Checkups

• Twice-yearly checkups can prevent painful/difficult-to-treat dental problems.
• Checkups have led to fewer cavities in children.

Skin

• Skin protects organs and tissues, regulates temperature with expanded/constricted blood vessels, and gathers info from the environment (touch, pressure, pain, temp).

Caring for Your Skin

• Protect from UV rays (sunscreen).
• Monitor moles for size/shape changes.

Treating Acne

• Acne is caused by plugged hair follicles from oil and dead cells.
• Hormones, heredity, and stress can cause acne.
• Don't scratch/pop pimples as this can make acne worse.
• Consult a dermatologist for severe acne.

Your Hair

• Frequent brushing removes dirt and excess oil.
• Frequent washing can cause dryness and brittleness, while hair dyes/highlights typically cause similar consequences.
• Head lice are insects that live on the scalp and lay eggs.

Your Nails

• Regularly clip/file nails to maintain health; don't bite or pick at nails.
• Ingrown nails can result in painful infections.

Benefits of Sleep

• The brain sorts information from the day.
• Body tissues heal.
• Immune system functions properly.
• Helps prevent some diseases (e.g. diabetes).

The Sleep Cycle

• Depicts different stages and cycles of the sleep stage experience over the course of around 8 hours.

Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia: difficulty falling asleep/staying asleep, possibly related to stress, some underlying physical problems/health issues.
• Sleep apnea: disorder where person stops breathing briefly during sleep; this can happen repeatedly (20-30 times per hour).

Teens and Sleep

• Teens need around 9 hours of sleep per night for proper health and functioning.
• Follow routines (consistent bed and wake times), avoid screen use before bed, and minimize bright lights when attempting to sleep.

Test your knowledge about human anatomy and physiology with this quiz. Explore topics including sensory neurons, brain function, spinal cord injuries, and the cardiovascular system. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of these essential biology concepts.