Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the path of the common bile duct (CBD) as it enters the duodenum?

It travels anteriorly from the kidney to the duodenum.

It extends inferiorly from the union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct. (correct)

It runs along the superior border of the pancreas before reaching the duodenum.

It ascends from the liver and enters through the stomach.

What role does cholecystokinin (CCK) play in the digestive process?

It facilitates the secretion of bile from the liver.

It initiates the absorption of nutrients in the intestine.

It stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

It causes the gallbladder and pancreas to release digestive juices and bile. (correct)

Which vein is NOT part of the portal venous system?

Inferior Mesenteric vein

Splenic vein

Brachial vein (correct)

Superior Mesenteric vein

Where is the confluence of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein located?

Posterior to the pancreatic neck Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is associated with the entry of the CBD into the duodenum?

Sphincter of Oddi Signup and view all the answers

Which junction connects the renal pelvis and the proximal ureter?

Ureteropelvic junction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the bladder?

Urine collection Signup and view all the answers

How long are the ureters approximately?

25–30 cm Signup and view all the answers

What structure does urine pass through obliquely from the ureters?

Muscular bladder wall Signup and view all the answers

What feature does the bladder have to prevent urine reflux?

Oblique passage Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate diameter of the ureters?

4–7 mm Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the urinary system is responsible for urine expulsion?

Urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the red pulp in the spleen?

Filtering and removing unhealthy blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the adrenal cortex is responsible for producing mineralocorticoids?

Zona glomerulosa Signup and view all the answers

What role does epinephrine play in the body?

Stimulates the metabolic rate and causes hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the adrenal medulla?

Produces cortisol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is part of the gastrointestinal tract?

Stomach Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct sequence of layers in the bowel from outer to inner?

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the gastrointestinal tract?

8 meters Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of amylase in digestion?

Digestion of carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Where is the splenic vein located in relation to the pancreas?

Posterior to the body and tail Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the pancreas is the uncinate process a part of?

Head Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical structure is located posterior to the head of the pancreas?

Inferior vena cava Signup and view all the answers

In the imaging of the pancreas neck and uncinate process, where does the uncinate process sit in relation to the inferior vena cava?

Directly anterior to the IVC Signup and view all the answers

What forms the portal confluence posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein Signup and view all the answers

Which major vein is situated anterior to the inferior vena cava in relation to the pancreatic head?

Portal vein Signup and view all the answers

What is the orientation of the superior mesenteric vein in relation to the pancreas neck?

Posterior to the pancreas neck Signup and view all the answers

What is the main vessel that forms the portal vein?

Splenic and superior mesenteric veins Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure is located posterior to the pancreas?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes pancreatitis in the context of pancreatic anomalies?

Inadequate pancreatic enzyme drainage Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed by peritoneal folds around the stomach?

Greater and lesser sacs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary exocrine function of the pancreas?

Producing digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells in the pancreas are responsible for insulin production?

Beta cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest component of pancreatic juice that neutralizes stomach acid?

Sodium bicarbonate Signup and view all the answers

In which specific anatomical location does the pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?

Medial second part Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of Meckel's diverticulum in adults?

Intestinal obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Which artery supplies the ascending colon?

Superior mesenteric artery Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is classified as retroperitoneal?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of Meckel's diverticulum?

2 inches Signup and view all the answers

Which lymph node cluster is NOT commonly seen on ultrasound?

Inguinal vein Signup and view all the answers

Which organs are considered intraperitoneal?

Ileum and cecum Signup and view all the answers

What feature commonly characterizes normal lymph nodes on an ultrasound?

Oval in shape or wider than tall Signup and view all the answers

Where is Meckel's diverticulum typically located?

Within 2 feet of the ileocecal valve Signup and view all the answers

What type of bleeding is most commonly associated with Meckel's diverticulum in pediatric cases?

GI bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract is primarily supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?

Descending colon Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

1003 Final Review Topics

Pancreas
Urinary System
Spleen
Adrenal Glands
Abdominal Cavity and Wall
Lymphatic System
Portal System (veins)

Sagittal Image Directions

The sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections.
Images taken in this plane can show structures in the body from the front to the back.

Common Bile Duct (CBD) Location

The CBD travels from the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct to the duodenum near the head of the pancreas.
It runs along the posterolateral aspect of the pancreatic head.
It enters the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater, passing through the sphincter of Oddi.
The main pancreatic duct joins the CBD at the duodenum.

Portal System

A unique venous system that drains blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines.
Supplies the liver with nutrient-rich blood.
Consists of the splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein, and main portal vein.
System routes blood from the digestive system to the liver for processing.

Pancreas Location and Landmarks

Posterior to the perivertebral connective tissue.
Adjacent to the IVC and aorta.
Positioned behind the left and right kidneys.
Subjacent to the diaphragm.

Lesser Sac

A potential space for fluid collections.
Formed from greater omentum and lesser omentum.
Location between the pancreas and stomach (perihepatic and subphrenic spaces are common locations)

Pancreatic Ducts

Primary duct, extending the entire length of the gland, enters the duodenum medial side.
Secondary duct: measures less than 2mm; drains the upper anterior head.

Pancreas Congenital Anomalies

Pancreas Divisum: Failure of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts to fuse.
Annular pancreas: A ring of pancreatic tissue encircles the duodenum.

Pancreas Physiology

Exocrine function: Produced by acinar cells; produces enzymes in pancreatic juices (2 L/day).
- Sodium bicarbonate: Neutralizes stomach acid.
- Amylase: Digests carbohydrates.
- Lipase: Digests fats.
- Trypsin: Digests proteins.
Endocrine function: Produced in the islets of Langerhans.
- Beta cells: Convert glucose to glycogen (lowers serum glucose) with insulin.
- Alpha cells: Convert glycogen to glucose (raises serum glucose) with glucagon.
- Delta cells: Inhibit alpha and beta cells.

Pancreas Sonography

The uncinate process is a posteromedial extension of the pancreas head.
It lies anterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC) and posterior to the superior mesenteric vein (SMV)

Portal Vein

Runs posterior to body and tail of the pancreas.
The splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein form the portal confluence (posterior to the neck of the pancreas)
IVC located posterior to the pancreas head.
SMA marks the pancreas body. In the pancreas head, GDA and CBD may be found.

Short Sections of Pancreas

Sagittal scanning plane across the pancreas head.
Sagittal scanning plane across the pancreas body.
Sagittal scanning plane displays the pancreas neck and uncinate process.

Urinary System Components

Kidneys: Main organs that filter blood and produce urine.
Ureters: Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Urinary Bladder: Stores urine until expulsion from the body.
Urethra: Tube that extends from the bladder to an external opening. Males have an additional function related to reproductive processes.
- Lab values to assess renal function:
  - Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
  - Creatinine (Cr)

Kidney Protective Layers

Renal Capsule: Innermost connective tissue layer.
Adipose Layer: Perirenal fat surrounding the kidney.
Gerota's Capsule: Outermost protective fibrous sheath.

Kidney Regions

Renal Sinus: Collecting system for urine.
Renal Cortex: Part of the functional kidney; contains tubules and capillaries.
Renal Medulla: The inner section of the kidney, containing collecting ducts.

Kidney Hilum

The medial aspect of the kidney. Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the ureter enter or exit.

Left Renal Vein

Longer than the right renal vein.
Runs between the aorta and SMA.
Accepts left gonadal and suprarenal veins.

Renal Variants: Column of Bertin, Dromedary hump, Junctional parenchymal defect, Fetal lobulation

Variations in kidney structure; mostly congenital.
Column of Bertin: Indentation in the kidney medulla, resembling a mass.
Dromedary Hump: Bulge on the kidney's lateral border, often on the left.
Junctional Parenchymal Defect: Triangular area in the upper pole of the kidney.
Fetal Lobulation: Indentation/lines on the surface of the kidney.

Ureter

Thin muscular tube (25-30 cm long, 4-7 mm in diameter).
Originates at the ureteropelvic junction (renal pelvis, proximal ureter)
Courses through retroperitoneum to the ureterovesical junction where it passes obliquely through the bladder wall to prevent urine reflux.

Bladder and Urethra

Bladder: Large muscular bag; shape changes based on urine volume.
Apex: Anterior extension, attached to the umbilical ligament.
Base (Trigone): Inferior part with ureter openings and inferior urethral opening; crucial for preventing urine reflux.
Urethra: Canal that drains urine; longer in males.

Spleen

Largest lymphatic organ.
Located between the 8th and 11th ribs (left upper quadrant)
Inferior to the left hemidiaphragm.
Posterior to the stomach.
Normal measurements range between 7 and 13cm in length.

Accessory Spleen

Congenital anomaly; Small, round, same echogenicity as the spleen.
Usually near splenic hilum or adjacent to pancreas tail

Splenic Microanatomy

White pulp (T cells, B cells, macrophages): Lymphoid tissue that plays a role in fighting infections.
Red pulp (RBCs): Filtering out (removing) and recycling old RBCs.
Consists of cords and venous sinuses: allowing blood (RBCs) to flow through freely

Adrenal Gland - Hormones

Adrenal Cortex: Produces steroid hormones.
- Zona Glomerulosa: Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone), regulates electrolyte balance (especially sodium and potassium concentration) & BP.
- Zona Fasciculata: Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol), stress response.
- Zona Reticularis: Gonadocorticoids, regulates sex hormones (androgens and estrogens).
Adrenal Medulla: Produces catecholamine hormones (epinephrine & norepinephrine, vital for the fight-or-flight response.

GI Tract

Digestive Tract: Parts above the diaphragm.
Gastrointestinal Tract: Parts below the diaphragm.
- Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, salivary glands.
Parts of the GI Tract (alimentary canal): Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Important digestive organs (liver, pancreas): Assist with digestion.

5 Layers of the Gut

Mucosa contacts lumen; contains epithelial folds.
Muscularis Mucosa (hypoechoic): Thin muscle layer.
Submucosa (echogenic): Contains loose connective tissue fibers.
Muscularis Propria: Outer muscle layer (contains circular and longitudinal fibers).
Serosa: Thin outer layer (connective tissue).

Gastroesophageal Junction

Important anatomical region between the esophagus and stomach.
Gastroesophageal junction: Region between the esophagus and stomach. Crucial for preventing reflux.

Appendix

Rudimentary extension from the large intestine (cecum).
Varia in size and position; typically 9cm.
Crucial for preventing inflammation which may lead to appendicitis.
Appendix lies under abdominal wall; at McBurney's point.

Meckel's Diverticulum

A congenital outpouching of the small intestine; Often located near the ileocecal valve (within 2 feet).

GI Tract Organ Blood Supply

Stomach: Supplied by the Right and Left Gastric arteries, gastroepiploic artery, and vasa brevia.
Small Intestines: Supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery (SMA).
Large Intestines: Supplied by Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA), Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA), and Colic Arteries.
Venous: Parallels arteries and drains into the portal venous system.

Abdominal Cavity Compartments

Intraperitoneal: Organs suspended in the peritoneal cavity (e.g., stomach, liver, intestines).
Retroperitoneal: Organs behind the peritoneum (e.g., kidneys, pancreas).
Subperitoneal: Organs lying below the peritoneum (e.g, some parts of bladder, and some parts of reproductive organs).

Abdominal Wall Muscles and Aponeurosis

The abdominal wall is composed of multiple layers of muscles and aponeuroses.
Important external and internal layers surround the intraperitoneal cavity.

Crura of the Diaphragm

Right and left fibromuscular bundles that attach the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebrae.

Lymph Nodes

Major clusters: Para-aortic, groin areas, cervical regions, peri-portal, and axillary.
Normal Sonographic Appearance: Hypoechoic cortex, hyperechoic fatty hilum, oval (or wider than taller).

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Description

Test your knowledge on various aspects of human anatomy and physiology, including the digestive and urinary systems. This quiz covers topics such as the path of the common bile duct, the function of cholecystokinin, and the anatomical features of the urinary system.