Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which layer of the epidermis acts as a waterproof barrier?

  • Stratum granulosum (correct)
  • Stratum corneum
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum basale

What is the primary component of the papillary layer of the dermis?

  • Elastic tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Highly vascularized areolar tissue (correct)
  • Dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the following factors does NOT directly affect skin pigmentation?

  • Temperature response (correct)
  • Melanin production
  • UV response
  • Genetic programming

What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

<p>Barrier against environmental damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory structure is characterized by continuous growth from the nail root?

<p>Nail (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ghrelin in the stomach?

<p>Stimulating hunger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands?

<p>Lubricate and waterproof skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily serves as the main site for the completion of digestion and nutrient absorption?

<p>Small intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary functions of the skin?

<p>Audition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the large intestine?

<p>Cecum, colon, rectum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for detecting chemical stimuli in the olfactory system?

<p>Olfactory receptor neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which digestive enzyme is primarily responsible for protein digestion in the stomach?

<p>Pepsin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of bile produced by the liver?

<p>Emulsification of fats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structure of the ear that is involved in pressure equalization?

<p>Eustachian tube (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does basic metabolism change with age?

<p>It decreases typically due to reduced activity level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the digestive system is NOT classified as an accessory digestive organ?

<p>Stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential health concern associated with obesity?

<p>Colorectal cancer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the alimentary canal wall is responsible for promoting mechanical digestion?

<p>Muscularis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for cellular respiration in metabolism?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is the final step in the digestive process?

<p>Defecation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the utricle and saccule in the vestibular system?

<p>Sensing head position and movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone type is primarily responsible for the regulation of fluid levels in the body?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

<p>Regulates calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism continues until it is interrupted, such as during childbirth?

<p>Positive feedback (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily produced by the adrenal glands and is involved in stress response?

<p>Cortisol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus-pituitary complex play in the endocrine system?

<p>Acts as a command center (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hormone typically enhances the action of another hormone?

<p>Permissive hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily produced by the pancreas and functions to lower blood glucose levels?

<p>Insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

As individuals age, which hormone is typically known to decrease significantly, affecting various bodily functions?

<p>Thyroid hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system related to fluid?

<p>Drains excess interstitial fluid between tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the maturation of T-cells?

<p>Thymus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is NOT found within a lymph node?

<p>Hematopoiesis site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody class is found primarily in mucosal areas such as saliva and tears?

<p>IgA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune system?

<p>Destroy infected cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism that drives the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?

<p>Muscle contraction and body movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the inflammatory response, which processes are involved?

<p>Vasodilation and recruitment of immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which secondary lymphoid organ is primarily involved in blood filtration and coordinating immune responses?

<p>Spleen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the kidneys in the human body?

<p>Filter and cleanse blood while eliminating waste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is achieved through vaccination?

<p>Artificial Active (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of renin synthesized by the kidneys?

<p>Regulates blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the nephron is primarily responsible for filtration?

<p>Glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons?

<p>Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order of blood flow through the renal arteries?

<p>Interlobar arteries, segmental arteries, afferent arterioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During tubular reabsorption, what mechanisms are primarily utilized to recover substances?

<p>Active transport and facilitated diffusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components primarily contribute to the kidney's external protection?

<p>Fat, ribs, and muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidermis layers

The outermost layer of skin, composed of five layers, each with specific functions.

Keratinocytes function

Primary epidermal cells (90%) forming a barrier against environmental damage, including heat, UV radiation, pathogens, and water loss.

Dermis layers

The skin layer below the epidermis, composed of two layers (papillary and reticular) with different tissue types and functions.

Skin's accessory structures

Structures like hair, nails, and glands that grow from and are part of the skin with various roles like protection and regulation.

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Hypodermis function

The subcutaneous layer under the dermis containing adipose tissue, providing insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.

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Sebaceous Glands Function

Sebaceous glands produce sebum, a substance that lubricates and waterproofs the skin, and has antibacterial properties.

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Skin Functions

Skin provides protection, thermoregulation, sensation, immunity, hormone production, fluid balance, absorption, excretion, and secretion.

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Taste Receptors Location

Taste receptors, or taste buds, are located on the tongue.

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Digestive system Stages

The digestive system processes food through ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, compaction, and defecation.

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Alimentary Canal Length

The alimentary canal, or GI tract, is approximately 7.62 meters long.

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Alimentary Canal Layers

The alimentary canal wall has four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

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Accessory Digestive Organs

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are part of the accessory digestive system.

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Mucosa Layer Function

The mucosa layer of the alimentary canal produces mucus, contains epithelium exposed to food, and houses immune tissue (MALT).

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Serosa

A protective membrane covering organs in the abdominal cavity. It helps reduce friction between organs.

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What does the stomach do?

The stomach stores food, breaks it down mechanically and chemically, and passes it to the small intestine. It also produces gastric juices for digestion and the hunger hormone ghrelin.

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Liver's main functions

The liver produces bile for fat digestion, regulates metabolism, and detoxifies harmful substances. It's the largest gland in the body!

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Pancreas's dual role

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine AND hormones like insulin and glucagon for blood sugar control. It's behind the stomach and connected to the small intestine.

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Small intestine's role

The small intestine is the primary site for completing food digestion and absorbing nutrients. It has folds and villi to increase surface area for maximum absorption.

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What does the large intestine do?

The large intestine absorbs water from food waste, forms and stores feces, produces some vitamins, and eliminates waste from the body.

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Carbohydrate digestion steps

Carbohydrates are first broken down by salivary amylase in the mouth. This process continues in the small intestine where they are converted into simple sugars.

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Basic Metabolism

The body's continuous chemical reactions that include building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) processes. It's influenced by age, gender, and activity level.

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Hormone Types

Hormones are classified into three major groups: amino acid derivatives (amines), peptides, and steroids.

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Paracrine Pathway

A hormone acts on neighboring cells, not the cell that secreted it.

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Permissive Effect

One hormone enables another hormone to act.

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Positive Feedback Loop

A hormonal response that amplifies the initial stimulus, continuing until interrupted.

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Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex

The command center of the endocrine system, producing releasing and inhibitory hormones that control other endocrine glands.

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Thyroid Gland Function

Produces T3 and T4 hormones regulating basal metabolic rate, body temperature, and other processes.

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Adrenal Gland Function

Responds to stress by producing hormones that regulate blood pressure, volume, and fluid balance.

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Pancreas Function

Dual function: endocrine (produces hormones) and exocrine (secretes digestive enzymes); regulates blood glucose levels.

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Active Immunity

The body's own immune system creates antibodies to fight off pathogens. It develops naturally through exposure or artificially through vaccines.

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Passive Immunity

Temporary protection gained from receiving antibodies from another person or animal. It can be natural (like from a mother) or artificial (through injections).

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Kidney's role in waste removal

The kidneys filter waste products from the blood and eliminate them in urine. This keeps your body clean and functioning properly.

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Hormones made by the kidneys

The kidneys produce renin (regulates blood pressure) and erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production).

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Glomerular filtration

The first step in urine formation, where blood is filtered in the glomerulus, removing waste and excess fluids. This is a passive process driven by blood pressure.

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Tubular Reabsorption

Essential nutrients and water are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream from the filtered fluid in different parts of the nephron. This process helps maintain proper electrolyte balance and fluid volume.

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Cortical nephrons vs. Juxtamedullary nephrons

Cortical nephrons have short loops of Henle and are primarily involved in filtering blood and reabsorbing nutrients. Juxtamedullary nephrons, with their long loops, play a crucial role in concentrating urine and preserving water.

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Kidney's blood flow path

Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries and travels through a series of vessels until it reaches the glomerulus, where filtration occurs.

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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

The lymphatic system's main role is to collect excess interstitial fluid from tissues, filter it, and return it to the bloodstream. It also plays a crucial role in immune defense.

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What happens in the bone marrow?

Bone marrow is the birthplace of immune cells, where hematopoiesis occurs. It's also where B-lymphocytes mature and become capable of producing antibodies.

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Lymph node function

Lymph nodes function as filters along the lymphatic vessels. They trap debris and pathogens, allowing immune cells within the node to identify and destroy them.

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Types of Immune Responses

The immune system has two main responses: Innate and Adaptive. Innate responses are rapid but non-specific, while adaptive responses are slower but highly specific and remember past invaders.

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What do B cells do?

B cells are responsible for producing antibodies, which are proteins that can bind to specific pathogens and neutralize them.

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What is inflammation?

Inflammation is a localized response to tissue damage or infection. It's characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, and involves the recruitment of immune cells to the site of injury.

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Humoral immunity

Humoral immunity is a type of adaptive immune response that involves antibodies produced by B cells circulating in the blood and lymph.

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What are NK cells?

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are part of the innate immune system. They are specialized in destroying infected cells or cancer cells without prior sensitization.

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Study Notes

Week 7 Integumentary System

  • The skin is the largest organ, comprising approximately 16% of body weight.
  • The skin consists of three main layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Epidermis

  • Made of closely packed epithelial cells (keratinocytes)
  • Contains melanin (pigment production)
  • Contains keratin (skin rigidity)
  • Consists of five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

Keratinocytes

  • Primary cell type (90% of epidermal cells)
  • Forms a barrier against environmental damage
  • Protects against heat, UV radiation, water loss, and pathogens.
  • Aids in wound healing.

Dermis

  • Two main layers: papillary and reticular layers.
  • Papillary layer: highly vascularized areolar tissue, containing capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons, nourishing the epidermis.
  • Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue, containing collagen and elastic fibers; provides strength and flexibility and houses sensory receptors and blood vessels.

Hypodermis

  • Separates skin from deeper structures.
  • Contains adipose tissue, providing insulation, cushioning, and storing energy reserves.

Skin Color and Pigmentation

  • Factors affecting skin color include genetic programming, UV response, and melanin production.
  • Carotene is an orange-yellow pigment.
  • Medical conditions like albinism can affect skin color.

Week 13 Sexual System

Female Reproductive System

Vulva

  • Consists of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and vestibule.
  • Mons pubis: fat pad over pubic bone, covered in pubic hair.
  • Labia majora: hair-covered skin folds extending from mons pubis to perineal raphe.
  • Labia minora: thinner, more pigmented folds medial to labia majora.
  • Vestibule: region between labia minora.

Female Internal Organs

  • Ovaries: almond-sized gonads (2-3 cm), located near fimbriae.
  • Uterus: muscular organ (5 cm × 7 cm) with three regions (fundus, body, cervix).
  • Vagina: muscular canal (10 cm).
  • Breast anatomy: Contains mammary glands (modified sweat glands), nipple, and areola.

Male Reproductive System

Penis and Testes

  • Testes: spherical gonads (4-5 cm) producing sperm and androgens.
  • Scrotum: muscular sack regulating temperature for sperm production.

Functionalities:

  • Sperm travels through the ductus deferens during ejaculation.
  • Scrotum function: Maintains optimal temperature for sperm production, adapting to environmental temperature changes.

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Description

Test your knowledge on human anatomy and physiology with this quiz. It covers topics such as skin layers, digestive functions, and sensory structures. Perfect for students learning about the human body.

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