Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in an unforced inspiration. This process lowers the diaphragm, expanding the thoracic cavity and creating negative pressure, drawing air into the lungs.

Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart's left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

The inferior vena cava is situated posterior to the heart, while the remaining options (heart, aortic arch, esophagus, and thoracic aorta) are located on the medial surface of the left lung.

The arytenoid cartilages are paired cartilages, while the thyroid and cricoid cartilages are unpaired. These cartilages are crucial for voice production and airway protection.

The sphenoidal sinus, located within the sphenoid bone, can be accessed through the sphenoidal sinus during pituitary tumor surgery.

The frontal sinus, a pair of sinuses located in the frontal bone, receives sensory innervation from both the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) and the maxillary nerve (CN V2).

The posterior portion of the ethmoidal sinus drains into the superior nasal meatus, unlike the anterior and middle portions that drain into the middle nasal meatus.

The maxillary sinus, located in the maxillary bone, drains poorly in an upright position, potentially leading to toothaches due to its close proximity to the teeth.

One of three pairs of bony projections located on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. They help to increase surface area and create turbulence in airflow, which aids in warming, humidifying, and filtering inhaled air.

The olfactory epithelium is located in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

The upper respiratory system is comprised of the nose, pharynx, and associated structures. It filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air, preparing it for the lower respiratory system.

The cricoid cartilage forms the lower end of the larynx. It's shaped like a signet ring, with a narrow anterior portion and a wider posterior portion.

The coronary sinus receives blood from most of the veins of the heart, except for the anterior cardiac vein.

The medical surface of the right lung lies adjacent to the heart, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, and esophagus, but not the aortic arch.

The maxillary sinus is innervated by the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves.

The maxillary and palatine bones form the floor of the nasal cavity.

The jejunal, ileocolic, and middle colic arteries are all branches of the Superior Mesenteric Artery. The left colic artery, however, is a branch of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery.

The basilar artery, brachiocephalic artery, right subclavian artery, and right vertebral artery are all part of the arterial system supplying the head and neck. The circle of Willis is a ring-shaped structure at the base of the brain that ensures blood flow even if one vessel gets blocked.

The middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, and ophthalmic artery are all branches of the internal carotid artery. The superior cerebellar artery, however, is a branch of the basilar artery.

The middle coronary vein, responsible for draining the blood from the heart's posterior wall, runs along the posterior interventricular sulcus, the groove between the ventricles at the back of the heart.

The hemiazygous vein, located on the left side of the chest, drains the left side of the thorax, collecting blood from the intercostal veins and esophageal veins.

The azygous vein, a major vessel collecting blood from the back of the chest, enters the superior vena cava (SVC) at the level of T4, just below the level of the bronchi and before it reaches the heart.

The facial artery runs under the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and before it, in the carotid triangle, it gives off branches like the ascending palatine artery. It also gives off a pharyngeal branch before it reaches the digastric muscle.

The aortic valve, located at the base of the aorta, is best heard in the left second intercostal space, just lateral to the sternum. This spot allows for optimal sound transmission of the valve's opening and closing.

The sternocostal surface of the heart , or the surface facing the sternum and rib cage, is primarily formed by the anterior wall of the right ventricle.

The costomediastinal recess is the area where the parietal pleura folds around the mediastinum, forming a potential space between the lung and the mediastinum. Due to gravity, fluid tends to accumulate in the lowest part of the pleural cavity, which is the costomediastinal recess when a person is sitting upright.

The oblique pericardial sinus is a space located behind the heart, formed by the reflection of the pericardium. When you reach behind the heart's apex, this sinus is the limiting structure you encounter.

The first rib articulates with the sternum at a point close to the sternoclavicular joint, which is the joint connecting the clavicle (collarbone) to the sternum.

The cupola, also known as the cervicothoracic pleura, is the dome-shaped portion of the parietal pleura that extends above the first rib into the neck region. This allows the pleura to cover the apex of the lung.

The splenic artery is the main blood supply to the spleen. After its ligation, blood flow to the short gastric arteries, dorsal pancreatic artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and left gastroepiploic artery would be maintained by other branches of the celiac trunk.

The ductus venosus shunts oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein directly to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the fetal liver. The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, diverting blood from the lungs.

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus back to the placenta. The vitelline vein and artery are associated with the yolk sac, and the vitelline duct is part of the digestive system.

The inferior vena cava is formed from the right vitelline vein, which is connected to the sinus venosus, the primordial heart chamber that receives blood from the veins. The right vitelline vein eventually becomes the main part of the inferior vena cava.

The sixth aortic arch artery forms the ductus arteriosus. It connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in the fetus, diverting blood from the lungs to the systemic circulation.

The right atrium is formed primarily from the primitive atrium, the right sinus venosus, and the right sinus horn. The primitive atrium becomes the trabeculated part of the right atrium, the sinus venosus forms the smooth-walled part of the atrium, and the sinus horn contributes to the formation of the right auricle.

The sinus venosus is a key structure in the development of the heart. Its right horn forms the coronary sinus in the adult heart. The left venous valve gives rise to the valve of the coronary sinus. The smooth-walled portion of the adult's right atrium is derived from the sinus venosus. The sinus venosus does not receive blood from the portal vein. This is the role of the hepatic portal vein which brings blood from the digestive system to the liver for processing.

Closure of the foramen primum occurs during fetal development when the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushions. This separation allows for the separation of the atria.

The aortic sac is the area immediately distal to the ventricles. It is connected to the dorsal aorta through the aortic arch arteries. The aortic arch arteries then give rise to the major arteries of the head and neck. The aortic sac is not preserved as the region of the semilunar valves. It is distinct from the truncus arteriosus.