Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cilia in the epithelial tissue of the nasal cavity?

To move and clear out particles such as dust and pollen (correct)

To produce mucus for trapping bacteria

To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

To humidify the air entering the lungs

Which part of the respiratory system connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx?

Pharynx (correct)

Trachea

Bronchioles

Bronchi

What distinguishes the right main bronchus from the left main bronchus?

The left main bronchus divides into more bronchi

The right main bronchus is longer and narrower

The right main bronchus is more vertical and wider (correct)

The left main bronchus is supported by more cartilage

What role does the larynx play in the respiratory system?

It protects the lungs from food entry and houses vocal folds Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for allowing airflow during heavy breathing?

Oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue primarily covers the body and forms glands?

Epithelial Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'superior' refer to in anatomical position?

Toward the head Signup and view all the answers

In the context of movements, what does 'flexion' describe?

Decreasing the angle between two body parts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following planes divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Frontal (Coronal) plane Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nasal cavity in the respiratory passageway?

Filter, warm, and humidify air Signup and view all the answers

Which term would describe the movement of two structures coming together?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which term indicates a movement that increases the angle between two body parts?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for communication within the body?

Neural Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the nasal conchae's structure on airflow?

Promotes turbulence and filtration of particles. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily responsible for the resonance of the voice?

Pharynx Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature provides support to the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage rings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bronchioles in the respiratory system?

To transport air to the alveoli and provide elasticity. Signup and view all the answers

During heavy breathing, which pathway serves as an alternative for airflow?

Oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the left main bronchus from the right main bronchus in terms of structure?

Longer and narrower. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during an obstruction in the airways as indicated by the term tracheal tug?

It creates excessive effort required for breathing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major role of cilia in the epithelial tissue of the respiratory system?

Move mucus and debris out of the airways. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes adduction in relation to the vocal folds?

Movement toward the midline. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of connective tissue?

Protecting and binding other tissues Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical position, which of the following statements is true regarding the orientation of the body?

The face is directed forward. Signup and view all the answers

Which movement term describes the action of turning the palm upwards?

Supination Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the sagittal plane from the other anatomical planes?

It divides the body into right and left halves. Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of abduction in terms of body movement?

Moving two structures away from each other Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes the relationship of the elbow to the shoulder?

Distal Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is characteristic of smooth muscle tissue?

It lines organs and is involuntary. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of body movement, what does extension specifically refer to?

Increasing the angle between two body parts Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical term indicates a downward direction in relation to another structure?

Inferior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly explains the role of the nasal cavity?

It filters, warms, and humidifies the air. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Terms

Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function
- Epithelial: Forms boundaries, covers body, forms glands
  - Described by the number of cell layers and cell shape. May have hair present.
- Connective: Supports, protects, and binds (bones, blood, fats). Made up of fibers and gels.
- Neural: Communication (neurons and supporting cells). 12 pairs of nerves from the brain.
- Muscle: Movement (smooth, lines organs).

Axial Skeleton Bones

Clavicle
Humerus
Ribs
Sternum
Scapula
Vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)
Pelvic girdle

Anatomical Position

Upright, feet shoulder-width apart, pointing forward, palms forward.

Terms of Movement and Planes of the Body

A plane is a cut through the body (real or imagined) based on anatomical position.
- Medial/lateral: Example: Nose is medial to the eyes.
- Sagittal plane: A vertical plane dividing the body into left and right sections.

Movement Terms

Flexion: Decreases the angle between two body parts.
Extension: Increases the angle between two body parts.
Rotation: Twisting movement.
Abduction: Two structures moving apart.
Adduction: Two structures coming together.
Pronation: Rotation of forearm to turn palm downward.
Supination: Rotation of forearm to turn palm upward.

Upper Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity: Filters, warms, and humidifies air using cilia and mucosa. Stops cold air from entering the lungs.
Oral Cavity: Alternate pathway for airflow during heavy breathing
Pharynx: Muscular tube connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx. Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- Plays a role in voice resonance.
Larynx (voicebox): Connects the pharynx to the trachea
- Houses vocal folds that prevent food entry into lower airways

Lower Respiratory System

Trachea (windpipe): Supported by C-shaped cartilage rings, extends from larynx to main bronchi.
Bronchi: Division at T4/T5 into:
- Right Main Bronchus: Shorter, wider, and more vertical
- Left Main Bronchus: Longer and narrower.
- Branching into secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi
- Terminates into alveoli
Bronchioles: Small, elastic, tubular airways of smooth muscle branching from tertiary bronchi, lacking cartilage, lined with cilia, and mucus-secreting cells. Lined with epithelial cells, cilia, and mucus-secreting cells (in larger bronchioles).

Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli

Endpoints of respiration
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Alveoli give lungs the spongey texture
Alveolar ducts are small airways
Efficient gas exchange.
- Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli
- Allows airflow regulation

Skeletal Framework of Respiration

Vertebral column, ribcage, shoulder, and pelvic girdles.
Provides structural support for breathing.

Passive Force of Respiration

Recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, and lung tissue.
Surface tension of alveoli
Gravity

Active Force of Respiration

Contractions of muscles like diaphragm and external intercostals.

Breathing

Inhalation: Active contraction of muscles to overcome elastic resistance (e.g., diaphragm and external intercostals). Passive forces are minimal.
Exhalation: Passive forces dominate to reduce thoracic cavity volume. Muscles may be used actively for forced expiration (e.g., during speech).

Muscles of Rib Cage Wall

Different muscles for inspiration and expiration.

Laryngeal Muscles

Intrinsic muscles: Originate and insert within the larynx.
Extrinsic muscles: Have one attachment site inside and one outside the larynx.
Supplemental Muscles: Have both attachment sites outside of the larynx and influence the larynx through the hyoid bone.

Respiratory Muscles

Velopharyngeal Mechanism

Important for speech production; controls the opening and closing of the velopharyngeal port
Manages airflow for oral versus nasal sounds. It includes both the velum (soft palette) and the pharynx, which manipulate the air passageways from the nasopharynx (upper throat) to the oropharynx (the throat behind the mouth).

Facial Muscles of Mouth

Details of mouth and jaw muscles.

Tongue Muscles

Details of tongue muscles.

Laryngeal Airway Resistance (LAR)

Resistance to airflow through larynx

Glottal Size and Configuration

Glottal size and configuration is affected by vocal fold abduction/adduction.
- Wide glottis: occurs when the vocal folds are apart
- Narrow glottis: occurs when vocal folds are closed
- Closed glottis: occurs when the vocal folds are tightly pressed together (coughing or swallowing)

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Description

Test your knowledge on human anatomy and the respiratory system with this quiz. Questions cover the structure and function of various anatomical parts, as well as specific anatomical terminology. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand the complexities of the human body.