Hubble and Space Observatories Quiz
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Questions and Answers

The Hubble Space Telescope was launched on December 25, 1990.

False (B)

The International Space Station has been operational since November 2, 1998.

False (B)

The James Webb Space Telescope is located at the third Lagrange point (L3).

False (B)

Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover landed on Mars using a 'sky crane' landing concept.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total costs of the Hubble Space Telescope project amount to approximately $5 billion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Perseverance rover utilized the same landing method as Curiosity on Mars.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The James Webb Space Telescope faced 344 single-point failures during its development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The orbit altitude of the International Space Station is approximately 547 km.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Delfi-C3 is a CubeSat developed by TU Delft and was launched in 1998.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first liquid propellant rocket was launched between 1920 and 1940.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nicolas Copernicus proposed the geocentric Solar System in 1543.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Envisat solar panel was developed by ADS and has a power specification of 6.55 kW.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first men on the Moon were Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky published his theoretical study on rocket propulsion in 1901.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Orbital velocity depends on the spacecraft's mass and the radius of orbit.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1986.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an astronaut swings a hammer, they experience an equal and opposite reaction force.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An object inside the ISS, if untouched, will eventually come to a stop due to gravitational forces.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wernher von Braun developed the first operational short-range missile between 1940 and 1945.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In microgravity, heavy objects become significantly lighter and easier to move.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Docking a Space Shuttle with the ISS is complicated due to their differing orbital velocities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Green propellants are part of the EU's initiative focusing on environmentally friendly propellants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ISS and Gateway are examples of private space stations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In space, convection can occur due to the presence of air and gravity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robotic missions in space exhibit increased autonomy and capability.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The temperature in deep space is around 287 K.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A satellite can maintain its orbit by balancing gravitational and centripetal forces.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Payloads for space missions can only be launched via high-end vehicles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The orbital velocity of a spacecraft is independent of its mass.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

SpaceX's Falcon 9 is known for its focus on reusable rocket stages.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blue Origin's New Shepard was designed for orbital flights.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NASA's Space Launch System is the only bigger launcher currently in development.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) involves using local resources like water for sustainable missions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo achieved its test flight with a crew of ten passengers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cubesats are small satellites measuring between 1U-12U in size.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Current private companies engaged in space exploration include Northrop Grumman and Boeing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solar sailing is a method of propulsion that utilizes chemical reactions for space travel.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Copernican Revolution

Copernicus proposed that the Earth revolves around the Sun, shifting the view from Earth as the center of the universe.

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler solved mysteries of celestial mechanics, describing the elliptical paths of planets around the Sun.

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton defined the fundamental laws of motion and gravity, revolutionizing physics.

Sputnik I

The first satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, marking the beginning of the Space Age.

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Explorer I

The first American satellite launched in 1958, carrying scientific instruments.

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Vostok I

The first manned orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin in 1961, marking a monumental achievement in human space exploration.

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Apollo 11

The first men to walk on the Moon in 1969 - Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin - a defining moment in human history.

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Mir

The first space station, launched by the Soviet Union in 1986, providing a platform for long-duration space research.

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What is the Hubble Space Telescope?

A space telescope launched in 1990, orbiting Earth.

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What is the International Space Station (ISS)?

The International Space Station is a collaborative project between multiple space agencies, orbiting Earth and hosting astronauts for research.

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What is the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)?

The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in 2021, observes the universe in infrared light, providing a glimpse into the early universe.

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What is the '7 minutes of terror' in Mars landing?

A key challenge of Mars exploration is the complex process of landing a spacecraft on the planet's surface, involving high speeds, thin atmosphere, and precise maneuvers.

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What is the 'Sky Crane' landing system?

The 'Sky Crane' is a landing system used by the Curiosity and Perseverance rovers, delicately lowering the rover onto the Martian surface.

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What is the Perseverance rover and its mission?

The Perseverance rover is currently exploring Mars, collecting rock samples and searching for signs of past life.

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What were the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity?

The Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity) were robotic explorers that studied the Martian surface for years, providing valuable insights into the planet's geological history.

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What is the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity)?

The Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity) is a rover that explored Mars, analyzing its environment and searching for signs of habitability.

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Commercial Spaceflight

A type of space exploration focusing on lowering launch costs and using private funding, primarily driven by private companies like SpaceX, Northrop Grumman, and Boeing.

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Reusable Rocket Stage

A reusable rocket stage. SpaceX's Falcon 9, for example, lands on sea barges or land after launch, reducing launch costs.

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Space Tourism

The use of space for tourism purposes, with companies like Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, and SpaceX offering sub-orbital and orbital flights for paying passengers.

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Smaller Satellites

A new type of satellite with smaller size and lower production costs, often part of constellations with many satellites.

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Cubesats

A type of satellite with a small size, measuring 1U (10x10x10 cm) to 12U, used for research, education, and other purposes.

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Smaller Launchers

A type of rocket designed for smaller payloads and lower launch costs, offered by companies like Rocket Labs and Firefly Space Systems.

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In-situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)

The use of resources found on celestial bodies, like water, hydrogen, and oxygen, for sustainable missions.

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Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)

A method of manufacturing using 3D printing technology to create parts and structures in space, reducing the need for transporting materials from Earth.

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Space Environment

The space environment is characterized by the absence of air, resulting in conditions like a vacuum, no lift or drag forces, and a lack of breathable atmosphere.

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Convection in Space

Convection, the transfer of heat through fluid movement, is not possible in space due to the lack of air.

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Temperature Variations in Space

Space experiences a wide range of temperatures, with extreme variations from near Earth to deep space.

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Radiation in Space

Harmful radiation, including ultraviolet (UV) and X-rays, can damage electronics and living tissue in space.

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Satellite Motion

A satellite maintains its orbit by balancing the forces of gravity and centripetal force, which keeps it moving in a circular path.

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Orbital Velocity and Mass

The orbital velocity of a spacecraft does not depend on its mass. It is determined by the gravitational pull of the celestial body it orbits and the radius of the orbit.

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Moving Objects in Space

Moving heavy objects in space requires specialized tools and techniques due to the lack of gravity. Robot arms, like the Canadarm, are used to maneuver payloads.

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Space Launch Vehicles

Various launch vehicles are used to take payloads into orbit, ranging from smaller payloads like those launched by the Pegasus to larger payloads for missions like the Saturn V and the Space Launch System.

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Orbital Velocity

The velocity an object needs to maintain a stable orbit around a central body. It depends on the mass of the central body and the radius of the orbit, but not the object's mass itself.

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Centripetal Force

The force that an object exerts on its surroundings when it's moving in a circular path. It causes the object to move in a curved path and is perpendicular to its velocity.

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Friction

The force that opposes motion between surfaces in contact. It depends on the materials and the force pressing them together.

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Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. It's directly proportional to an object's mass.

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Microgravity

A state where objects experience near weightlessness due to freefall around a celestial body. This is felt in space stations orbiting Earth.

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Study Notes

Hubble Space Telescope

  • Launch Date: April 24, 1990
  • Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31)
  • Orbit: Low Earth Orbit (LEO) approximately 547 km altitude
  • Instruments: Wide Field Camera, Advanced Camera for Surveys, Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph
  • Key Discoveries: Expanding universe, detailed images of distant galaxies, star formation, dark matter studies
  • Cost: Approximately $1.5 billion at launch, with total costs over time around $10 billion
  • Involved Parties: NASA, ESA

International Space Station (ISS)

  • Launch and Assembly: First module launched in 1998
  • Operational Since: November 2, 2000
  • Orbit: LEO (approximately 408 km altitude)
  • Partners: NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, CSA
  • Crew: Typically 6-7 astronauts
  • Modules: Zarya (first module), Unity, Destiny, Columbus, Kibo
  • Research: Microgravity research, Earth observation, space medicine, technology development
  • Lifespan: Expected to operate until at least 2030

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

  • Orbit: Located at the second Lagrange point (L2), about 1.5 million km from Earth
  • Launch Date: December 25, 2021
  • Launch Vehicle: Ariane 5
  • Mission Type: Optical and infrared astronomy
  • Cost: $9.7 billion (NASA) + $1 billion (ESA + Canada)
  • Challenges: 344 single-point failures, "14 days of terror"
  • Development Timeline: Originally planned for launch in 2007, faced numerous delays and budget overruns before successful launch in 2021

Mars Exploration

  • Scientific Goals: Studying the formation of stars and planets, the history of galaxies, the characteristics of exoplanets, and the origins of the universe
  • Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit and Opportunity): Surface exploration of Mars
  • Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity):
    • Launched: November 26, 2011
    • Landed: August 6, 2012
    • "Sky crane" landing concept
    • 7 minutes of terror during Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) due to automation, high velocity, thin atmosphere, large heat shield, pyrotechnics, parachute, and rocket descent
  • Perseverance used a similar sky crane landing system
  • Challenges: Getting to space, staying, and returning. Affordability, efficiency, harsh environment, technology development, innovation, remote operation, automation, and managing finances

Enabling Technologies

  • Miniaturization, digital computers, radio & radar technology, lightweight structures, heat-resistant materials, turbines, liquid-propellant rockets, gyroscopes, solar cells, heat engines, and life support systems

Timeline of Important People & Theories

  • 1543: Nicolas Copernicus proposes heliocentric Solar System
  • 1571-1630: Johannes Kepler solves celestial mechanics mysteries
  • 1642-1727: Isaac Newton defines physical principles of force, motion, and gravity
  • 1865: Jules Verne describes a virtual trip to the Moon
  • 1903: Konstantin Tsiolkovsky publishes theoretical study on rocket propulsion
  • 1920s: Hermann Oberth pioneers theoretical fundamentals of spaceflight
  • 1925: Walter Hohmann analyzes interplanetary flight

Timeline of Important Rocket Events

  • 1920-1940: Robert Goddard (USA) and Sergej Korolev (USSR) launch first liquid-propellant rockets
  • 1940-1945: Wernher von Braun develops first operational short-range missile (A4/V2)
  • 1950-1960: Soviet Union and USA develop IRBMs and ICBMs

Timeline of Important Spaceflight Events

  • 1957: Launch of Sputnik I
  • 1958: Launch of Explorer I
  • 1959: Luna 2 makes hard landing on Moon
  • 1961: First manned orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin (Vostok I), first US sub-orbital flight by Alan Shepard
  • 1962: First US manned orbital flight by John Glenn (Mercury), Mariner II to Venus.
  • 1965: First EVA by Aleksej Leonov (Voskhod 2)
  • 1967: First launch of Saturn V rocket
  • 1968: First European scientific satellite (ESRO II)
  • 1969: First men on Moon (Apollo 11, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin)
  • 1974: First Dutch satellite (ANS)
  • 1976: First soft landing on Mars by Viking 1/2
  • 1977: Voyager 2 launches to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
  • 1979: First successful flight of European Ariane launcher
  • 1981: First flight of Space Shuttle
  • 1986: First launch of Mir, the permanent Russian space station.
  • 1990: Launch of Hubble Space Telescope.
  • 1998: Launch of the first International Space Station module (Zarya).
  • 2000+: Voyager 1 and 2 enter interstellar space, still active.

Space Vacuum (> 100km)

  • Environment: No air (no lift or drag), no atmosphere for breathing or oxygen for propulsion. Outgassing and lubrication issues. Aggressive environment (e.g., atomic oxygen erodes plastics)
  • Convection: Not possible due to lack of air and gravity.
  • Radiation: Space exposed to radiation internally and from the environment.
  • Temperature Variations: Earth surface ~287 K (14°C), Near Earth -270°C to +120°C, Deep space 4 K.
  • Solar Flux: Earth surface: 400-600 W/m², Space: 1367 W/m².
  • Harmful radiation (UV, X-rays) can damage electronics and tissue.
  • High-Energy Particles: Protons, electrons, Van Allen belts, solar flares.
  • Weightlessness: Objects are in continuous free fall due to gravitational forces.
  • Satellite Motion: A satellite stays in orbit by balancing gravitational and centripetal forces.

Questions

  • Moving objects in space
    • Robot arm exerting torque, Space Shuttle Orbiter used Canadarm
    • Payloads taken to orbit with various launch vehicles (low-end like Pegasus, high-end like Saturn V)
  • Orbital velocity
    • Not dependent on spacecraft's mass, depends on central body's mass and radius of orbit
  • Hammer and nail, torque
    • Newton's third law applies, equal and opposite forces
    • Reaction torque, causes rotation
  • Object motion inside ISS
    • Continues in its current state of motion (inertia)
    • Stationary or moving in a straight line at constant velocity
  • Moving heavy objects near ISS
    • Easy because objects are weightless, only inertia resists movement
  • Docking large spacecraft
    • Possible because both are in microgravity and move at the same orbital velocity

Characteristic Numbers

  • Payload mass: 3,000 – 130,000 kg (large aircraft: 70,000 kg)
  • Launch mass: 18,500 – 3,000,000 kg (large aircraft: 250,000 kg)
  • Minimal orbital velocity: 7.8 km/s (28,000 km/h) (aircraft: 300–3,000 km/h)
  • Minimal orbital height: 250 km (aircraft: 1–20 km)
  • Typical satellite lifetime: 3–15 years (aircraft: 25 years)

Commercial Spaceflight ("New Space")

  • Primary focus on spaceflight cost reduction
  • Private funding
  • Key Players: SpaceX, Northrop Grumman, Boeing
  • Reusable rockets: SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Blue Origin's New Shepard
  • Space Tourism: Virgin Galactic, Blue Origin, SpaceX

Manned Missions to Moon and Mars

  • NASA/ESA Gateway: Moon and Mars mission support with new space stations.
  • Private competition from SpaceX and others
  • International competition from USA, China, India
  • Larger rockets: NASA's Space Launch System, SpaceX's Falcon Heavy, Starship, China's Long March 5
  • In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU): local resource usage (H2O, H2, & O2) for sustainable missions

New Propulsion & Space Technologies

  • Low-Thrust Propulsion: Used in interplanetary missions & electric geostationary satellites (Boeing)
  • Solar Sailing: New form of propulsion for long-distance missions
  • Green Propellants: EU's REACH initiative focusing on environmentally friendly propellants
  • Space Stations: ISS, Tiangong (China), Gateway (Moon/station), private ones
  • Robotic Missions: Increased autonomy and capability in robotic space missions
  • Data Rates & Laser Links: Improved communication through higher data rates and laser technology

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Intro II (Space) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the Hubble Space Telescope, the International Space Station, and the James Webb Space Telescope. This quiz covers launch dates, operational details, and significant scientific discoveries. Perfect for space enthusiasts and students alike!

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