HTML Semantic Elements Quiz

What defines a semantic element in HTML?

Which of the following is an example of a non-semantic HTML element?

What type of content does the

Which statement is true about the

What is the main purpose of the

Which of the following is NOT a category of semantic elements in HTML?

Where can multiple

What is the role of correlation tags in HTML semantics?

Why should the content inside the main element be unique to the document?

Which of the following elements cannot contain the main element as a descendant?

What does the section element represent in an HTML document?

When is the article element most appropriately used?

What type of content is best suited for the aside element?

Which statement is true about the HTML main element?

What is a key characteristic of the section element?

Which scenario illustrates the proper use of the article element?

What purpose does semantic HTML serve for search engines?

Which of the following elements is categorized as a block-level element?

What is a characteristic of inline elements?

Which of these statements regarding empty elements is true?

How do screen readers utilize semantic HTML?

Why is maintainability significant in using semantic HTML?

Which HTML construct represents an element?

What differentiates block-level elements from inline elements?

What is the purpose of the required attribute in an input field?

Which of the following statements about placeholders is true?

Which design principle should be considered when creating a form?

How do checkboxes function in terms of user selection?

What should be done before starting to write code for a form?

What is a key characteristic of block-level elements?

Which of the following is true regarding inline elements?

How do inline elements behave within block elements?

What is a limitation of inline elements in terms of styling?

What happens to inline block elements when there's not enough space?

Which statement about block elements is accurate?

What defines the width of an inline element?

Which of the following is a feature of block elements compared to inline elements?

What is the purpose of the 'action' attribute in an HTML form?

Which input element allows users to select multiple options at once?

The 'for' attribute in the tag must be equal to which attribute of the associated element?

What function does the 'method' attribute serve in an HTML form?

What do radio buttons allow a user to do?

How does the

Which of the following is NOT a common form element used to collect data?

What type of input does the element provide for users?

<p>A dropdown list of choices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using CSS for web design?

<p>It helps maintain a clear separation between content and layout. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS selector is used to select an element by its unique identifier?

<p>ID selector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property type refers specifically to modifications on text appearance?

<p>Font properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the use of CSS help with website consistency across multiple pages?

<p>A single CSS file can govern the style of the entire website. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the universal selector (*) accomplish in CSS?

<p>It targets all HTML elements present in the document. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS unit is most commonly used for responsive design to accommodate varying screen sizes?

<p>Percentages (%) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CSS, what property allows you to define the spacing between the content of an element and its border?

<p>Padding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the class selector utilize in its syntax to define gathered HTML elements?

<p>A period (.) character (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is recommended for defining font size to ensure consistency across a website?

<p>rem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of CSS method uses the LINK tag in the document HEAD?

<p>External Style Sheets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a DIV tag in HTML?

<p>It creates a block-level element. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the default size for 'rem' units determined when no specific value is set?

<p>Set to 16px by default. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key difference exists between block-level elements and inline elements?

<p>Inline elements do not start on a new line. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which unit is best used for responsive design when defining widths and heights?

<p>vh/vw (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would you typically use a SPAN tag?

<p>To highlight a proper name within a block of text. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of an inline element compared to a block-level element?

<p>Only takes up as much width as necessary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disadvantage of using absolute length units in CSS?

<p>They can cause usability issues as the user has limited control. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an absolute length unit in CSS?

<p>cm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do relative length units in CSS primarily function?

<p>They adjust based on the size or settings of another element. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'px' not recommended for font sizes in CSS?

<p>It creates fixed sizes that can hinder responsive design. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit arises from using relative units like 'em' for margins and padding?

<p>They allow for responsive designs that adapt to different screens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CSS, what role does a compound selector serve?

<p>It combines multiple selectors to target specific elements with higher specificity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of absolute length units like inches and points?

<p>They remain constant regardless of output device. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended to use for layout widths and heights in CSS for better responsiveness?

<p>em (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is used to define the space around an HTML element's border?

<p>Margin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What value can be assigned to margin properties that allows the browser to automatically calculate the space?

<p>auto (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a valid way to specify margin sizes?

<p>transparent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of margin properties compared to padding and border?

<p>Margins can be set to a negative value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an element has a margin of 20px, a padding of 10px, and a border of 5px, what is the total space taken up by the element?

<p>45px (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct result of the shorthand 'margin: 25px 50px 75px 100px;'?

<p>Top margin: 25px, Right margin: 50px, Bottom margin: 75px, Left margin: 100px (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will be the padding values if you use the shorthand 'padding: 15px 30px;'?

<p>Top: 15px, Right: 30px, Bottom: 15px, Left: 30px (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a valid value for padding?

<p>-10px (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the values assigned in 'padding: 10px 20px 30px 40px;'?

<p>Top: 10px, Right: 20px, Bottom: 30px, Left: 40px (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the shorthand 'margin: 25px;' accomplish?

<p>Sets all four margins to 25px (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to create a grid layout in CSS?

<p>A parent element and a child element (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the property grid-template-columns define?

<p>The number and size of columns in a grid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS display property is used to define a grid container?

<p>grid or inline-grid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of CSS grid, how should the column widths be defined?

<p>Using any valid width units such as %, px, or rem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when grid-template-columns is set to '3 auto'?

<p>Three columns where the width adjusts based on content size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of using the padding shorthand 'padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px;'?

<p>Top padding: 25px, Right padding: 50px, Bottom padding: 75px, Left padding: 100px (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the box-sizing property, what does the 'border-box' value include when setting width and height?

<p>Content, padding, and borders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'content-box' value for box-sizing imply about the element's dimensions?

<p>The total width only includes the content width. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When using 'padding: 25px 50px;' what are the top and bottom padding values?

<p>25px each (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of applying 'padding: 25px;' to an element?

<p>Top, right, bottom, and left padding all set to 25px (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the content box if 'width' is set to 300 pixels in 'border-box' mode?

<p>Content box shrinks to fit within 300 pixels accounting for border and padding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the actual width of an element determined when box-sizing is not set to 'border-box'?

<p>Width plus padding and border (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an element's padding is defined as 'padding: 25px 50px 75px;', what do the right and left padding values represent?

<p>50px each for both right and left (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible values for the border-style property?

<p>solid, double, groove, inset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes absolute positioning in CSS?

<p>It removes the element from the normal document flow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS position does NOT allow the use of top/right/bottom/left properties?

<p>static (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the border-radius property achieve in CSS?

<p>It adds rounded corners to elements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an element is positioned as fixed, which statement is true?

<p>It is positioned relative to the viewport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does using CSS Grid Layout impact web design?

<p>It simplifies the layout process with rows and columns (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to an element with absolute positioning when there is no positioned ancestor?

<p>It positions relative to the document body or viewport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the use of the border shorthand property?

<p>It sets the border width, style, and color simultaneously (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when items are packed using the 'space-evenly' alignment in a flex container?

<p>Items are evenly spaced out with equal space at the edges. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'center' alignment in a flex container?

<p>Items are centered within the container along the main axis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior of items when 'align-items' is set to 'stretch' in a flex container?

<p>Items stretch to fill the container height. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'flex-end' option do when aligning items in a flex container?

<p>Items are aligned to the end of the cross axis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'space-around' property differ from 'space-between' in a flex layout?

<p>Items have equal space on both sides for each item. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When 'flex-start' is applied, where are the flex items positioned within the flex container?

<p>At either the left edge or top edge of the container. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What result occurs when using the 'space-between' property for item alignment?

<p>The first item is at the start, and the last item is at the end of the line. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the 'baseline' value for align-items affect the positioning of items?

<p>Items align along the text baseline, creating a visually cohesive line. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cross size property of a flex item refer to?

<p>The greater value between width and height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which flex-direction value aligns items from top to bottom?

<p>column (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the flex items when the flex-wrap property is set to 'wrap'?

<p>They will wrap onto multiple lines from top to bottom (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the justify-content property affect flex items?

<p>It distributes extra space along the main axis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the default value of the flex-flow property?

<p>row nowrap (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which justify-content option would align items towards the center of the flex container?

<p>center (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following flex-direction values will pack items from right to left in a left-to-right layout?

<p>row-reverse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does setting flex-wrap to 'nowrap' have on flex items?

<p>Items will be forced onto a single line (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using Flexbox for layout design?

<p>It enables layouts to accommodate unknown or dynamic item sizes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Flexbox, what does the term 'main axis' refer to?

<p>The primary axis along which flex items are laid out. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'flex-direction' property determine in Flexbox?

<p>The direction in which flex items are laid out. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'cross axis' in a flex container?

<p>It runs perpendicular to the main axis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a flex container manage the size of its items?

<p>By allowing items to expand to fill available space or shrink to avoid overflow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties specifically configures a flex container?

<p>display: flex; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a child element within a flex container?

<p>Flex item (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'main size' refer to when discussing flex items?

<p>The width or height of the item in the main dimension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which media type is most commonly used in media queries to target devices with screens?

<p>screen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the 'not' operator in media queries?

<p>To target devices that do not support certain features (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which media feature is most frequently used in media queries?

<p>width (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'and' operator enable when used in media queries?

<p>Narrowing down conditions to match both features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a supported media type in CSS media queries?

<p>tablet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'or' operator in media queries allow developers to do?

<p>Target devices with varying characteristics as separate conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which media feature would you use to check for a device's display quality?

<p>resolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using media queries on website styling?

<p>It allows for device-specific styling adjustments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the gap property in a flex container control?

<p>The spacing between flex items (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the order property in flexbox?

<p>To determine the order of flex items in the layout (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In flexbox, what does a flex-grow value of 2 indicate for a flex item?

<p>It will take up twice as much space as items with a value of 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when flex-grow is set to 0 for a flex item?

<p>The item will not grow to occupy any additional space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the flex-shrink property control in a flex item?

<p>The item’s ability to reduce its size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the flex-basis property is set to 'auto', how is the extra space distributed?

<p>Based on the flex-grow value of items (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'flex' shorthand property combine?

<p>Flex-grow, flex-shrink, flex-basis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the flex properties?

<p>Flex-shrink can control how much space an item can lose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you set the flex property with a single number value like flex: 5;?

<p>It modifies the default flex-basis to 0%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the align-self property in Flexbox?

<p>To override the default alignment for a specific flex item. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT commonly associated with responsive web design?

<p>Fixed Layout (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can media queries be defined in CSS?

<p>By attaching different CSS files based on the device. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the property flex-grow indicate in Flexbox?

<p>The proportion of space that a flex item can take relative to other items. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of media queries in CSS3 as compared to CSS2?

<p>They consider the capability of the device rather than its type. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following values is NOT valid for the align-self property?

<p>fixed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When customizing flex items, what does the flex-basis property define?

<p>The size of an item before any space distribution occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

HTML

element

An HTML element that represents introductory content, typically used for navigation or supplemental information like a logo, search form, or author name.

HTML

An HTML element that represents a footer for a section or the entire page.

HTML

An HTML element that represents a section specifically designed for navigation links, either within the current document or to other documents.

HTML Semantic Elements

Semantic elements clearly describe their meaning to both the browser and developer, improving accessibility and maintainability.

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Document Structure Tags

HTML elements that describe structural relationships within a document, such as sections, articles, and headings.

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Textual Meaning Tags

HTML elements that convey the meaning or purpose of a section of content, such as a paragraph, header, or list.

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Media Type Tags

HTML elements that provide information about the type of media being embedded, such as images, videos, or audio.

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Correlation Tags

HTML elements that establish a relationship between different parts of a document, such as a list item and its parent list, or a related section.

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What is the purpose of the <main> element?

Represents the main content of a document, directly related to the central topic, and unique to each page.

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What is the purpose of the <article> element?

Defines an independent, self-contained composition within a document, like a blog post, article, or comment, that can be distributed separately.

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What is the purpose of the <section> element?

Represents a generic standalone section of a document without a more specific semantic element, always having a heading.

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What is the purpose of the <aside> element?

Represents a portion of a document whose content is only indirectly related to the main content, often used for sidebars or call-out boxes.

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What type of content should be avoided inside the <main> element?

The <main> element should not contain content that is repeated across documents, such as sidebars, navigation links, copyright information, site logos, and search forms.

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How many <main> elements can a document have?

There should only be one <main> element in a document.

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Where should the <main> element be placed in the document structure?

The <main> element must not be a descendant of elements like <article>, <aside>, <nav>, <footer>, or <header>.

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Block-level elements

HTML elements that take up the full available width and stack vertically, forming a distinct block.

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Inline elements

HTML elements that only occupy the width needed for their content and flow alongside surrounding elements.

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Inline-block elements

HTML elements which behave like inline elements but allow width and height properties.

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What are inline elements?

An HTML element that only takes up the width that its content takes up. Think of them like words in a sentence.

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What are inline-block elements?

They will take up as much space as their content requires.

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What are the characteristics of inline-block elements?

They can be styled like blocks (with width, height, margins, padding) but flow like inline elements.

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What is the key difference between block and inline elements?

A block element always starts a new line of HTML, while an inline element can begin within a line of the HTML.

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What are the nesting rules for inline and block elements?

They can be nested between block and inline elements, but block elements cannot be nested between inline and block elements.

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What is a block-level element?

A block-level element in HTML occupies the full width of its container, creating a distinct section or area on the page.

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What is an inline element?

An inline element is an HTML element that only takes up the space it needs for its content, flowing alongside surrounding content.

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What are HTML semantics?

HTML semantics refers to using HTML elements that clearly describe their meaning and purpose, enhancing the understanding of content for both machines and humans.

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What are element attributes?

Element attributes provide additional information about the element, modifying its behavior or appearance.

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Why are HTML semantics important?

Using semantic elements makes code more readable, maintainable, and accessible for everyone, including search engines and screen readers.

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What are empty elements?

Empty elements are self-contained HTML elements that don't require a closing tag, represented by a single tag.

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How do search engines use semantics?

Search engines use semantic elements to understand the importance and relevance of content, improving search rankings.

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How do screen readers use semantics?

Screen readers rely on semantic elements to present information and navigation structure to visually impaired users.

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What are Checkboxes used for?

A checkbox allows users to select zero or more options from a limited set of choices. This means they can choose nothing, one option, several options, or even all options available.

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What does the 'required' attribute do?

The 'required' attribute in HTML specifies that an input field must be filled by the user, making it mandatory to complete the form. This is typically indicated with an asterisk (*) next to the field.

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What is the 'placeholder' attribute?

The 'placeholder' attribute provides a short hint within an input field. It suggests the expected value, like a sample or format guide. For example, a placeholder in an email field could be '[email protected]'.

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What's a key principle for designing forms effectively?

When designing forms, prioritize user experience. Keep them simple and focused, requesting only the absolute necessary information. This avoids overwhelming and frustrating users.

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What should you do before coding a form?

Before coding a form, create a quick mockup (sketch) to define the data you need from users. A mockup helps you visualize the form structure and requirements.

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What is the purpose of the form element?

A container for various input elements like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and submit buttons in a form. Basically, it's the parent element for your form controls.

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What does the action attribute do in a form?

The attribute determines where the form's collected data is sent when the form is submitted. It's the destination URL.

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What does the method attribute do in a form?

The attribute specifies the method used to send form data to the server (usually get or post). It influences how the data is transmitted.

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What's the purpose of the label element in a form?

An element that provides a descriptive label for an input field. It improves accessibility for screen readers and makes forms easier to understand.

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How do you connect a label to an input field?

The for attribute in the label element should match the id attribute of the related input element. This links the label to the field visually and functionally.

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What's the purpose of the select input element?

A type of input element that allows users to select one option from a list of predefined values. It's often used in dropdowns or menus.

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What's the purpose of the datalist input element?

A type of input element that provides suggestions to the user as they enter text in a text field. It offers a list of values that users can choose from, or they can input their own.

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What's the purpose of the radio input element?

It's an input element that allows users to choose from a set of options where only one choice can be selected at a time. It's often used for mutually exclusive choices.

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What are CSS Units?

CSS units are numeric values that define the size of properties like margin, width, height, padding, and font-size.

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Absolute Length Units

Absolute units are fixed across all devices, regardless of screen resolution. They are typically used for print layouts.

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Relative Length Units

Relative units adapt to the size of other elements or settings. They help elements scale according to the overall page layout.

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Pixels (px) in CSS

Pixels (px) are absolute units. They offer fixed sizes but can be less responsive to different screen sizes.

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Percentage (%) in CSS

Percentage (%) is a relative unit. It's often used for widths and heights, making elements scale proportionally to their container.

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Em units (em) in CSS

Em units (em) are relative to the font size of the parent element. This makes font sizes adapt based on the surrounding text.

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CSS Grouping Selectors

Grouping selectors select multiple HTML elements with the same style definitions, simplifying the process.

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CSS Compound Selectors

Compound selectors combine multiple selectors (class, ID, and/or tag). They have a higher priority than single selectors.

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What is CSS?

A style sheet language used to format the presentation of HTML documents, defining the look and feel of web pages.

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What is the main advantage of using CSS?

CSS allows for separation of content from presentation, making it easier to maintain and update web pages. Different teams can work on the content and design independently.

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What are CSS rules?

Each rule is a set of properties that define how to style the selected HTML elements. Rules include selectors and declarations.

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What are CSS selectors?

Selectors target specific HTML elements for styling, based on their name, ID, or class. They are like the addresses of the elements.

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What are CSS properties?

They define the specific styling effects you want to apply to the selected elements. Think of them as the instructions.

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What is in-line CSS?

It is applied directly within the HTML element, making it specific to that element. Think of it as in-line notes for individual elements.

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What is internal CSS?

It is placed inside the <style> tag within the HTML document's section. Think of it as the style guide for the entire page.

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What is 'rem' in CSS?

A unit of measurement for font size and spacing that is relative to the parent element's font size. It is used for font size and margin/padding, and provides more consistent sizing than 'em' because it is based on the root HTML element's font size, which is typically 16 pixels.

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What is 'em' in CSS?

A unit of measurement for font size and spacing that is relative to the parent element's font size. It is used for font size and margin/padding, and is more consistent than 'em' because it is based on the root HTML element's font size, which is typically 16 pixels.

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What are 'vw' and 'vh' units in CSS?

Units of measurement for width and height that are based on the viewport (browser window) size. 'vw' represents the width of the viewport, and 'vh' represents the height. These units are useful for creating responsive layouts that scale according to the screen size.

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What is a

tag?

A container element for a block of text. It is a block-level element, which means it always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available.

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What is a tag?

A container element for a short piece of text within a block. It is an inline element, which means it does not start on a new line and only takes up as much width as is necessary.

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What are External Style Sheets?

The process of applying styles to HTML elements using a separate file, external to the HTML content. It is used by including a '' tag within the '' section of the HTML document.

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What are Internal Style Sheets?

This approach involves defining styles directly within the HTML document using the '<style>' tag. It is placed within the '' section of the HTML document.

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What are Inline Style Attributes?

Styles are applied directly to individual HTML elements using the 'style' attribute, placed within the opening tag of the HTML element. This offers a very localized way to style content.

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Margin

The invisible space surrounding an HTML element's border, used to create separation between elements.

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Padding

The transparent space surrounding an HTML element's content, padding adds space inside the element's border.

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Border

The box that surrounds an HTML element's padding, providing a visible border.

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Content

The inner content of an HTML element, this is the content that you see displayed on the web page.

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CSS Box Model

A CSS model that defines the structure of elements like the content, padding, border, and margin. These properties determine how HTML elements are displayed on a web page.

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Margin Shorthand

Margin shorthand is a CSS property that allows you to set all four margins of an element in a single declaration. It uses a shorthand syntax to define the margin values for the top, right, bottom, and left sides in a concise way. This makes it easier to apply consistent margins to elements, reducing the amount of code required.

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Padding: Supported Value

Padding supports various units of measurement, allowing developers to specify padding values in different ways. These units can be in pixels (px), points (pt), centimeters (cm), etc. It also supports percentage (%) values for relative sizing, and the inherit keyword to inherit the padding from the parent element.

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What is margin shorthand?

A shorthand CSS declaration that allows you to set all four margin values simultaneously, making it more efficient to style elements with consistent margins.

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CSS Units

The use of different units of measurement to specify sizes in CSS, like px, em, rem, %, and vw or vh. This helps developers select the best approach for controlling the size and responsiveness of elements in web design, making it possible to create layouts that adapt to different screen sizes and devices.

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box-sizing: border-box

A CSS property that allows you to include padding and border in the total width and height of an element.

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box-sizing: content-box

A CSS property that allows you to include padding and border in the total width and height of an element.

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Padding shorthand

A CSS property that allows you to set padding values for all sides of an element using a single declaration.

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What is a CSS Grid Container?

An HTML element becomes a grid container when its display property is set to grid or inline-grid.

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How to define columns in CSS Grid?

The property grid-template-columns is used to specify how many columns you need and the size of each. This is done by specifying the widths of each column in %, px, rem, or any valid width value, separated by spaces. The number of values determines the number of columns created.

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What is the difference between CSS Position and CSS Grid?

It affects the positioning of elements, while the grid layout is focused on structuring elements within a grid container, providing more control over the layout and spacing.

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How to implement a three-column grid layout?

Adding display: grid to the main container element turns it into a grid container. By setting grid-template-columns to 3 and specifying the unit as auto, you create three columns where the width is automatically adjusted to fit the content.

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What are CSS Grid Items?

Child elements within a grid container become grid items when the display property is set to grid or inline-grid.

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CSS Border Property

The border property in CSS allows you to control the appearance of an element's border by specifying its style, color, and width. You can also apply separate styles to individual sides (top, right, bottom, left).

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CSS Position: Static

Static positioning places elements in their natural document flow, meaning they are positioned as they would normally appear in the HTML structure. This positioning method doesn't allow you to move elements freely.

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CSS Position: Relative

Relative positioning allows you to move an element within its normal document flow by shifting it from its original position using the top, right, bottom, and left properties. The element's original position is maintained and doesn't affect the layout of other elements.

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CSS Position: Absolute

Absolute positioning removes an element from the normal document flow, enabling you to position it precisely using top, right, bottom, and left properties. Its position is relative to its parent element or the viewport depending on the parent element's positioning.

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CSS Position: Fixed

Fixed positioning places an element at a fixed position on the screen, regardless of the user scrolling. It remains in the same location even when the user scrolls down or up.

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CSS Grid Layout

The CSS Grid Layout Module provides a flexible grid-based system for organizing content on web pages. It consists of flexible rows and columns, allowing for precise positioning and arrangement without relying on complicated floats or positioning properties.

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CSS Border Radius

The border-radius property in CSS allows you to create rounded corners for elements, giving a more organic and visually appealing look to your designs. It accepts different values to define the degree of rounding.

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CSS Border Color

The border-color property in CSS lets you set the color of an element's border, adding visual emphasis or contrast to the element. It can be a single color or multiple colors for different sides of the border.

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Cross Size

The width or height of a flex item, whichever is in the cross dimension, is the item’s cross size. The cross size property refers to the width or height that is in the cross dimension.

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What is the display: flex property used for?

This property defines a flex container, which is a special container allowing flexible arrangement of its child elements.

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What is the flex-direction property used for?

This property establishes the main axis, which defines the direction flex items are placed within the flex container. The default value is row, meaning items are placed from left to right (in LTR languages) or right to left (in RTL languages). Other values allow for different orientations, like column for top-bottom placement.

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What are some ways to control flex item placement using justify-content?

This property determines how flex items are distributed on the main axis. flex-start packs items towards the beginning, while flex-end packs them towards the end. center aligns them in the middle, space-between distributes them evenly with space between them, and space-around adds extra space around each item and between them.

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What does the flex-wrap property do?

This property controls how flex items are distributed on the cross axis. It determines how items get wrapped onto multiple lines when there's not enough space for all items on a single line.

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What is the flex-flow property used for?

This property provides a shorthand for setting both the flex-direction and flex-wrap properties at once. It allows you to define the main and cross axes of the flex container in a single declaration.

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What is the justify-content property used for?

It helps distribute extra free space that is leftover when all flex items on a line are inflexible or have reached their maximum size. It can also control the alignment of items when they overflow the line.

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What is the align-items property used for?

This property defines the alignment of flex items along the cross axis. It controls how flex items are positioned vertically within the container.

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What is Flexbox Layout?

The main idea behind the flex layout is to give the container the ability to alter its items' width/height (and order) to best fill the available space (mostly to accommodate to all kinds of display devices and screen sizes). A flex container expands items to fill available free space or shrinks them to prevent overflow. Best used for one dimension - a row or a column.

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What does the display property do?

It configures a flexbox container. Example: display: flex;

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What is the main axis in Flexbox?

The main axis of a flex container is the primary axis along which flex items are laid out. It's not necessarily horizontal, it depends on the flex-direction property.

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What is the cross axis in Flexbox?

The axis perpendicular to the main axis. Its direction depends on the main axis direction.

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What is a flex container?

The flex container's parent element.

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What is a flex item?

The child elements of the flex container.

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What are the flex-flow directions?

The flex layout is based on "flex-flow directions". Items will be laid out following either the main axis (from main-start to main-end) or the cross axis (from cross-start to cross-end).

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What is the main size in Flexbox?

A flex item's width or height, whichever is in the main dimension. The flex item's main size property is either the 'width' or 'height' property, whichever is in the main dimension.

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What are Media Queries?

Media queries are used to apply CSS rules based on specific conditions. These conditions can include screen size, device type, orientation, and resolution.

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What is the @media Rule?

The @media rule is the foundation of media queries. It begins with @media followed by a media type and specific features within parentheses. The CSS rules enclosed within curly braces will be applied only when the specified conditions are met.

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What is a Media Type?

A media type specifies the type of device or media being targeted. Common types include screen for devices with screens (most common), print for printed documents, and all for all devices.

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What are Media Features?

Media features are attributes related to the media type, allowing for more refined targeting. Common features include min-width, max-width for screen sizes, orientation (portrait or landscape), and resolution for screen pixel density.

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What are the Logical Operators in Media Queries?

Logical operators allow you to combine multiple conditions within media queries. and lets you specify that multiple conditions must be met, while or (or comma-separated) allows any of the specified conditions to be met. not negates the specified conditions.

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Why are Media Queries Used?

Media queries are used to deliver a tailored style sheet for different devices, improving the user experience by ensuring websites are optimally displayed on desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones.

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How are Media Queries Applied?

By using media queries, you can apply different CSS styles to different devices. For example, you can use smaller text sizes for mobile phones and larger text sizes for desktops.

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Importance of Media Queries

Media queries are a valuable tool for responsive web design, allowing web developers to create websites that adapt and look their best across all types of devices, ensuring a consistent and user-friendly experience.

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What are flex items?

Flex items are the direct children of a flex container, and they are the individual elements that are being arranged within the flexbox layout.

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What is the purpose of the align-items property?

A flex container's align-items property specifies how items are laid out along the cross axis, which is perpendicular to the main axis. Think of it as the justify-content version for the cross-axis.

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What does the justify-content property do?

The justify-content property controls the alignment of flex items along the main axis, which is the direction of the flex items. It determines how the items are distributed within that line.

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What does the flex-direction property do?

The flex-direction property specifies the direction in which flex items are arranged, either horizontally or vertically. It dictates the flow of the content.

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What does the order property do?

The order property controls the order in which flex items are placed within the flex container, allowing you to adjust the order of flex items without changing the HTML markup. This gives you flexibility to arrange items in a specific sequence.

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What does the flex-grow property do?

The flex-grow property allows individual flex items to grow in proportion to the available space within the flex container, expanding to fill the extra space if there is any.

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Flexbox gap Property

The gap property defines the space between flex items in a flex container, creating a visual separation.

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Flexbox order Property

The order property allows you to arrange items in a flex container by specifying their order of appearance, overriding the default order based on the source code.

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Flexbox flex-grow Property

The flex-grow property defines the ability of a flex item to expand and take up available space within the flex container.

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Flexbox flex-shrink Property

The flex-shrink property determines the ability of a flex item to shrink if there is not enough space in the flex container.

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Flexbox flex-basis Property

The flex-basis property defines the initial size of a flex item before the remaining space is distributed.

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Flexbox flex Shorthand Property

The flex property combines the flex-grow, flex-shrink, and flex-basis properties into a single shorthand declaration.

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Flexbox display: flex

The display: flex property is applied to an HTML element, turning it into a flex container that allows flexible arrangement of its child elements.

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Flexbox justify-content Property

The justify-content property determines the alignment of flex items along the main axis (typically horizontally).

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Flex Shorthand Property

A shorthand property in CSS that allows you to set multiple flex properties at once: flex-grow, flex-shrink, and flex-basis. Setting it with a single number value, like flex: 5;, changes the flex-basis to 0% and acts like setting flex-grow: 5; flex-shrink: 1; flex-basis: 0%;.

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Flex Property

The flex property is a shorthand property for setting the flex-grow, flex-shrink, and flex-basis properties of a flex item. It allows you to customize the size and flexibility of each item within a flex container.

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Media Queries

Media queries are conditions applied to CSS that define the look and behavior of a website or app based on various device properties, such as screen size, platform, or orientation. They allow you to create responsive designs that adapt to different devices and situations.

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CSS Media Queries

Media queries in CSS3 allow you to target specific device characteristics like screen size, resolution, and orientation. They enable you to customize the appearance of elements only for devices that meet those conditions.

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Responsive Web Design

Responsive web design means creating websites that adjust automatically to fit different screen sizes and devices. This involves designing layouts that fluidly change and adapt to the user's environment.

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Align-Self Property

The align-self property in CSS allows you to override the default alignment of a flex item within its flex container, giving you finer control over how individual elements are positioned.

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Flex Items

Flex items are the individual elements within a flex container that can be arranged and resized based on the rules you set. The flex container is the parent element that contains the flex items.

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CSS Grid Container

The display: grid property in CSS transforms an HTML element into a grid container, making it capable of arranging its child elements in a grid layout. The grid layout is a powerful system for creating sophisticated and efficient web page designs.

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Study Notes

HTML Structure Part II

• HTML semantics are elements that clearly describe their meaning to both the browser and the developer.
• Non-semantic elements like <div> and <span> offer no information about content, while semantic elements like <form>, <table>, and <article> define content.
• Semantic elements are categorized into four groups: document structure, textual meaning, media type, and correlation tags.

Semantic Element Categories

• Document Structure Tags: <header>, <footer>, <main>, <nav>, <section>, <aside>, <article>.
• Textual Meaning Tags: <h1> to <h6>, <strong>, <mark>, <cite>, <blockquote>, <time>.
• Media Type Tags: <audio>, <video>, <picture>.
• Correlation Tags: <ul>, <ol>, <figure>, <address>.

HTML4 vs HTML5

• HTML4 frequently used numerous classes and IDs for structuring content, while HTML5 employs semantic tags (e.g., <header>, <nav>, <footer>).
• HTML5's semantic tags offer a structured approach to blog posts.
• The use of <main> in HTML5 denotes the core content of a webpage, distinguishing it from other sections.
• HTML5 introduced features allowing a single <header> and <footer> for a webpage, and multiple for sections.
• <main> tags should not be nested inside other elements like <header>, <footer>, or <nav>.
• <header/footer> tags may appear multiple times within a page element for sub-sections. However, one is usually sufficient for the entire page and should be placed within the body element.

<header> & <footer>

• The <header> element typically includes introductory content or navigational aids (logo, search form, author name).
• The <footer> element contains information like the author, copyright, or links to related resources.
• <header> and <footer> tags can be used multiple times within a page, but only once within a single page's <body>.

<nav>

• The <nav> element delineates navigational elements, like menus, tables of contents, or links to external documents, with emphasis on website or page navigation.
• Not all links need to be inside a <nav>.
• <nav> tags are usually located in the <header> of a page.

<main>

• The <main> element signifies the central content of a document, distinct from supplementary material like headers, footers, sidebars, search functions or navigation.
• This element should not repeat content present in other pages or documents.
• It typically follows the <header> element. The <main> element is the content container of the webpage. It does not contain any elements intended to act as navigation, headers, footers, aside or similar elements.

<section> vs <article>

• The <section> encompasses general sections within a document, usually including headers and likely footers.
• The <article> signifies a stand-alone piece of content that could exist independently (blog posts, newspaper articles, or any independent content that stands on its own). Content inside <article> should be reusable or shareable as a single unit.

<aside>

• The <aside> element represents content supplementary to the main flow.
• It often appears as sidebars or call-out boxes. Information included within <aside> is indirectly related to the main content.

HTML Semantic Examples

• There are several real-world examples of HTML semantics in action, such as Twitter or Dev.to. Content tags clearly indicate the purpose of the webpage content.
• Webpage elements should use tags that describe the type of content being conveyed.
• Real-world examples of HTML semantically structured sites include, but are not limited to, those from major tech companies and social media sites.

HTML Attributes

• id attribute
• Defines unique identifiers for elements.
• Used with CSS and JavaScript for applying specific styles and operations.
• Unique to each element.
• class attribute
• Assigns class names to elements.
• Used for applying similar styles/actions across multiple elements.
• Can be assigned to multiple elements.

HTML Forms

• Forms facilitate user interaction and data gathering.
• They collect data, which frequently goes server-side.
• Controls encompass input fields, dropdown lists, buttons, and other components.
• Validation logic can automatically enforce format restrictions to ensure data integrity.
• The form element <form> encapsulates the form's elements, attributes, and data processing logic.
• The action attribute indicates where the server should send data.
• The method attribute dictates the data transmission method used (usually GET or POST).

<form>

• The <form> element acts as a container for various input components.
• The action attribute indicates where entered data will be sent when the form is submitted.
• The method attribute dictates the method to submit data (usually GET or POST).

Form Common Elements Required

• <fieldset> elements group related input elements.
• <legend> elements define the caption for <fieldset> groupings.
• <label> elements associate text with their related input field.
• <input> attributes accept different input types (like text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons):
  • type="text", type="email", type="password", type="number", type="date", type="datetime-local" and other types for specific input.
  • Attributes like required, placeholder, pattern, maxlength, minlength, min, max, step and list attribute provide means to limit/control input.
• <select> elements present options for selection.
• <option> elements define selectable options within <select>.
• <datalist> elements offer a list of values to choose from (used with <input>).
• <button>, type ="submit", Reset/button elements act as clickable buttons. Buttons can be used for submit functionality, and reset functionality.
• Input Types:
  • type="text", type="email", type="password", type="number", type="date", type="datetime-local" and other types for specific input.
  • Attributes like required, placeholder, pattern, maxlength, minlength, min, max, step and list attribute provide means to limit/control input.
• checkbox, radio elements for multiple/single selections
• Other possible types for forms, <textarea>

HTML Rule of Thumb

• Before coding, prepare a quick mockup to define data types required for the form.
• Design a simple form that prioritizes user understanding and avoids unnecessary complexity.
• Request only the information needed; do not ask for extraneous data. Forms should be concise and easy to use.

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