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Questions and Answers
Which protein is recognized by the T4-lymphocyte cell surface receptor CD4 after cleavage?
Which protein is recognized by the T4-lymphocyte cell surface receptor CD4 after cleavage?
What structure is formed by the interaction of HR-N and HR-C during the fusion event?
What structure is formed by the interaction of HR-N and HR-C during the fusion event?
Which component remains associated with the viral membrane after cleavage?
Which component remains associated with the viral membrane after cleavage?
What is the function of the Hepta/d Repeat (HR) Domains in gp41?
What is the function of the Hepta/d Repeat (HR) Domains in gp41?
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What event is facilitated by the interaction of the HR-N and HR-C domains?
What event is facilitated by the interaction of the HR-N and HR-C domains?
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What is the primary function of the Hemagglutinin protein in the influenza virus?
What is the primary function of the Hemagglutinin protein in the influenza virus?
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Which subtype of the influenza virus was identified as the newest H antigen in 2012?
Which subtype of the influenza virus was identified as the newest H antigen in 2012?
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What role does Neuraminidase play in the lifecycle of the influenza virus?
What role does Neuraminidase play in the lifecycle of the influenza virus?
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How many different combinations of H and N antigens have been identified so far?
How many different combinations of H and N antigens have been identified so far?
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Which of the following statements about the H5N1 subtype is true?
Which of the following statements about the H5N1 subtype is true?
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Which category of drugs includes medications such as Retrovir and Emtriva?
Which category of drugs includes medications such as Retrovir and Emtriva?
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What severe condition is commonly associated with the use of HIV Protease Inhibitors?
What severe condition is commonly associated with the use of HIV Protease Inhibitors?
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What was a significant outcome of the hSARS CoV outbreak first reported in 2002?
What was a significant outcome of the hSARS CoV outbreak first reported in 2002?
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Which of the following statements about side effects of HIV Protease Inhibitors is accurate?
Which of the following statements about side effects of HIV Protease Inhibitors is accurate?
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What kind of therapy involves the use of three separate anti-retroviral agents?
What kind of therapy involves the use of three separate anti-retroviral agents?
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What condition did hSARS CoV cause that was primarily related to respiratory issues?
What condition did hSARS CoV cause that was primarily related to respiratory issues?
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Which of the following options is a class of drugs specifically used to inhibit HIV protease?
Which of the following options is a class of drugs specifically used to inhibit HIV protease?
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Which of the following is a type of virus responsible for a variety of respiratory distresses in humans?
Which of the following is a type of virus responsible for a variety of respiratory distresses in humans?
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What is the sequence found in the catalytic site of HIV-1 protease?
What is the sequence found in the catalytic site of HIV-1 protease?
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Which type of structure do the fusion proteins of various retroviruses form prior to membrane fusion?
Which type of structure do the fusion proteins of various retroviruses form prior to membrane fusion?
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What drug development strategy is suggested to inhibit HIV infection via the host protease?
What drug development strategy is suggested to inhibit HIV infection via the host protease?
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What does HIV-1 protease require to be active?
What does HIV-1 protease require to be active?
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What is the identified protease involved in the maturation of gp160 related to HIV?
What is the identified protease involved in the maturation of gp160 related to HIV?
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Which of the following amino acids is found at the dimer interface of HIV-1 protease?
Which of the following amino acids is found at the dimer interface of HIV-1 protease?
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What mechanism is proposed for drugs that inhibit HIV-1 protease dimerization?
What mechanism is proposed for drugs that inhibit HIV-1 protease dimerization?
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What approach is suggested for effective suppression of HIV pathogenesis?
What approach is suggested for effective suppression of HIV pathogenesis?
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What type of nucleic acid is primarily associated with the HIV virus?
What type of nucleic acid is primarily associated with the HIV virus?
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Which of the following proteins is NOT encoded by the HIV-1 gene?
Which of the following proteins is NOT encoded by the HIV-1 gene?
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What is the function of the HIV-1 protease (PR)?
What is the function of the HIV-1 protease (PR)?
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Which gene is considered a regulatory gene in HIV-1 that controls infection and replication?
Which gene is considered a regulatory gene in HIV-1 that controls infection and replication?
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What happens to T4 lymphocytes following HIV infection?
What happens to T4 lymphocytes following HIV infection?
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Which of the following is NOT a genetic domain present in HIV-1?
Which of the following is NOT a genetic domain present in HIV-1?
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What change occurs to the immune system due to HIV infection?
What change occurs to the immune system due to HIV infection?
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What is the role of the env gene in HIV-1?
What is the role of the env gene in HIV-1?
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What is the primary target for the design of anti-HIV agents that block the reverse transcription process?
What is the primary target for the design of anti-HIV agents that block the reverse transcription process?
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Which of the following is a significant side effect of AZT (Zidovudine) during HIV treatment?
Which of the following is a significant side effect of AZT (Zidovudine) during HIV treatment?
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Which components of the HIV virus structure are characterized as projecting from the viral envelope?
Which components of the HIV virus structure are characterized as projecting from the viral envelope?
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What method involves using antibodies to block viral glycoproteins in HIV treatment?
What method involves using antibodies to block viral glycoproteins in HIV treatment?
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Which characteristic of AZT contributes to its therapeutic limitations in HIV treatment?
Which characteristic of AZT contributes to its therapeutic limitations in HIV treatment?
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What is the function of 'soluble CD4' in the context of HIV intervention strategies?
What is the function of 'soluble CD4' in the context of HIV intervention strategies?
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Among the following viral enzymes, which one is not typically considered a target for direct anti-HIV therapy?
Among the following viral enzymes, which one is not typically considered a target for direct anti-HIV therapy?
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Which type of amino acid sequence is involved in the hepta repeat formation in proteins?
Which type of amino acid sequence is involved in the hepta repeat formation in proteins?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course: HSS 2305 A, Molecular Mechanism of Disease
- Lecturer: Ajoy Basak, Ph.D.
- Contact Information: Provided
- Lecture 14: Viral and Bacterial Infections, Pathogens, Background, Intervention Options
Lecture Schedule (Partial)
- Dates and times for lectures and exams are listed.
- Topics for each lecture are also listed, providing a framework for content.
- Details for each quiz, test, mid-term exams, and final exam are included (location, duration, and timeframe).
Infectious Diseases
- Viral Infections
- Bacterial Infections
- Parasite Infections
- Role of Proteolysis
- Role of Host and Foreign Enzymes
- Target Identification
- Intervention Strategies
Infectious Agents
- Viruses: DNA or RNA wrapped with protein (examples listed)
- Bacteria: Single-celled microbes with simple cellular organization (examples listed)
- Parasites: Protozoa, yeasts, or multicellular organisms (examples listed)
HIV-AIDS
- First reported in 1981
- CDC recognized the condition in 1982
- HIV was identified in 1983
- Structure of HIV virus and its components
- Mechanism of HIV infection
- History and significant contributors to understanding HIV.
- Treatment strategies and their associated side effects (e.g., AZT)
- Global estimates of HIV and AIDS (2009-2010)
- Adult HIV prevalence by WHO region (2013)
hSARS-CoV
- A type of coronavirus
- Respiratory Infections
- Features and comparison to HIV
- Methods of study
- Antiviral drugs and vaccination
- Potential targets for antiviral drugs
Influenza A Viruses
- Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
- Subtypes labeled with H and N numbers
- Hemagglutinin proteins (H)
- Neuraminidase proteins (N)
- Examples and descriptions of their effects
Ebola Virus
- Extremely pathogenic and virulent
- Contains seven structural protein, including the surface glycoprotein (S)
- Subtypes discussed(e.g., Zaire, Ivory Coast, and Gabon)
- Proteolytic cleavage by host enzymes (e.g., PCSKs)
Bacterial Infections-Anthrax
- Caused by Bacillus Anthracis (BA)
- Infects various mammals
- Transmitted via infected animals or products
- Secrete Anthrax toxin (comprised of PA, EF, LF)
- Role of host enzymes (e.g., PCSKs) in Anthrax toxin infection
Summary of Important Topics
- Detailed mechanisms of HIV, hSARS-CoV, Influenza A, and Anthrax infections (including viral structure, host interactions, and disease progression)
- Potential targets for antiviral drugs for each.
- Techniques used to study and understand these diseases.
- Strategies for intervention and treatment.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge on viral and bacterial infections, their pathogenic mechanisms, and intervention strategies discussed in Lecture 14 of HSS 2305 A. This quiz will cover topics related to infectious diseases, including HIV-AIDS and the roles of various enzymes in infections.
