HS133: Introduction to Cell Structures
39 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of a dominant allele in gene expression?

  • It is carried by the sex chromosomes.
  • It can allow expression of both alleles.
  • It is expressed only in the presence of a recessive allele.
  • It is phenotypically expressed over another allele. (correct)

    • Which disorder is an example of a single gene disorder?

  • Turner syndrome
  • Down's syndrome
  • Cystic Fibrosis (correct)
  • Haemophilia

    • Which of the following describes a common cause of mutations?

  • They can occur due to environmental factors. (correct)
  • They can never occur randomly.
  • They are exclusively caused by dominant alleles.
  • They are always inherited from parents.

    • What defines a codominant allele?

    <p>It allows for the expression of both alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of genetic disorder involves multiple factors, including genetic and environmental influences?

    <p>Multifactorial disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma/cell membrane?

    <p>Separating the cell from its environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is referred to as the cell’s command center?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromosomes carry genes to determine body traits?

    <p>Autosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many total chromosomes are found in a typical body cell?

    <p>46</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is chromatin composed of?

    <p>DNA double helix and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the phenotype of an organism?

    <p>Genotypes and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of heredity?

    <p>Genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many copies of each gene does every person have?

    <p>2 copies, one from each parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes sister chromatids?

    <p>Identical copies joined at the centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosome pairs when egg and sperm combine?

    <p>They pair up forming 23 chromosome pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the content provided?

    <p>Medical imaging modalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following subjects is NOT covered in the references?

    <p>Bone structure and mineralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resource discusses the facts surrounding cleft lip and palate?

    <p>CDC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reference would you consult for understanding chromosomes?

    <p>Khan Academy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of content does the resource by BYJU primarily provide information about?

    <p>The differences between genotype and phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is associated with observing brain activity during memory tasks?

    <p>FMRI scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which reference would you find guidelines related to cleft lip and palate audits?

    <p>Institute of Medical Illustrators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary topic of the reference by Hughes (2018)?

    <p>Medical imaging types and modalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial single cell formed after fertilization called?

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period does the zygote undergo cleavage?

    <p>Preembryonic period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures develops from the trophoblast layer?

    <p>Foetal membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What germ layer is responsible for forming the epidermis and nervous system?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what weeks of pregnancy does the formation of the cleft lip occur?

    <p>5 – 7 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence rate of cleft lip and/or palate in the UK?

    <p>1 in 700</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is usually undiagnosed until birth?

    <p>Cleft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the development of cleft lip and/or palate?

    <p>Both genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a CT scan in medical imaging?

    <p>To provide detailed images of internal body structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with chromosomal abnormalities?

    <p>Down's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a gene primarily consist of?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of medical imaging is primarily used to detect metabolic processes in the body?

    <p>PET scan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In anatomical terms, what does 'superior' refer to?

    <p>Closer to the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of DNA?

    <p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of sex-linked genes?

    <p>They are primarily found on the X or Y chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the first Gerber baby with Down syndrome?

    <p>Brought attention to genetic diversity and inclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Basic Cell Structure

    • Cells are the fundamental unit of life, sharing common structures but varying in size, shape, and function.
    • Organisms can be unicellular (single-celled) or multicellular (multiple cells).
    • Distinction between plant cells and animal cells, with unique organelles in each type.

    Cell Membrane

    • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, serving as a boundary that separates the cell from its environment.
    • Functions include transport of substances (oxygen, water, hormones in; waste products out) and cell communication.

    Nucleus

    • Acts as the command center of the cell, directing growth, division, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
    • Contains DNA, which is the hereditary material critical for genetic information.

    DNA and Chromosomes

    • DNA consists of a nitrogen base, deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group; shaped as a double helix.
    • Chromatin is the complex form of DNA in the nucleus, condensing into chromosomes during cell division.
    • Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (total of 46), with 22 pairs as homologous autosomes and 1 pair as sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males).

    Cell Division

    • After meiosis, sex cells have 23 individual chromosomes. When egg and sperm combine, they create zygotes with 23 chromosome pairs.
    • Mitosis results in identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces genetic diversity through combinations of chromosomes.

    Genes and Alleles

    • Genes are the basic units of heredity found on chromosomes, with each person inheriting two copies (one from each parent).
    • Alleles are different forms of a gene (e.g., brown vs. blue eyes).
    • Dominant alleles mask recessive ones, while codominant alleles express both traits.

    Genetic Disorders

    • Conditions can be caused by mutations in DNA, which can be inherited or influenced by environmental factors.
    • Types include:
      • Single gene disorders (e.g., Huntington’s disease, Cystic Fibrosis)
      • Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down’s syndrome, Turner syndrome)
      • Multifactorial disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, cancer)

    Basic Embryology

    • Fertilization occurs when a spermatozoon and an ovum unite to form a zygote in the Fallopian tube.
    • Development stages include preembryonic, embryonic, and fetal periods.

    Preembryonic Development

    • The zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastocyst, which contains a trophoblast layer for attachment and an inner cell mass that develops into the embryo.

    Embryonic Development

    • Three primary germ layers form during embryonic development:
      • Ectoderm: Forms the nervous system and epidermis.
      • Mesoderm: Development of connective tissues, blood, muscles, and organs.
      • Endoderm: Development of internal organs like the lungs, liver, and digestive tract.

    Cleft Lip and/or Palate

    • Congenital condition arising from incomplete fusion of facial tissues during development.
    • Occurs between the 5th and 9th week of pregnancy.
    • Prevalence is about 1 in 700 in the UK, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
    • Surgical intervention is typically required within the first year of life.

    Clinical Implications

    • Awareness of genetic syndromes and potential developmental issues is crucial for speech-language therapists and healthcare professionals.
    • Importance of early diagnosis and intervention to manage conditions like cleft lip/palate effectively.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    HS133 Cell Structure, Genetics, & Basic Embryology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential aspects of cell structures and basic genetics as outlined in the HS133 course. Students will explore the levels of structural organization, the differences between plant and animal cells, and key principles of genetics. Understanding these concepts is fundamental for any aspiring biologist.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser