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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic of living organisms is represented by gas exchange in the alveoli?

  • excretion (correct)
  • nutrition
  • growth
  • reproduction

The diagram shows how Homo sapiens (modern people) could have evolved from earlier ancestors. Which statement about modern people and their ancestors is correct?

  • They are the same species and the same genus.
  • They are the same species but not the same genus.
  • They are the same genus but not the same species. (correct)
  • They are neither the same species nor the same genus.

What is a characteristic of both insects and arachnids?

  • exoskeleton (correct)
  • wings
  • only three pairs of legs
  • eight legs

An animal can swim, has a backbone, and produces milk. Which group does this animal belong to?

<p>mammals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cell structure does aerobic respiration occur?

<p>mitochondrion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula shows the correct way to calculate the actual size of an object?

<p>actual size = image size / magnification (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason why oxygen diffuses into the blood from an alveolus in the lungs?

<p>The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is greater than the oxygen concentration in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagram shows two plant cells. Which statement describes what will happen to the water in the cells?

<p>net movement from cell X to cell Y (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which row describes active transport?

<p>moves substances from a lower to a higher concentration:yes, requires energy from respiration:yes, requires a protein carrier in the cell membrane:yes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which row shows the elements that make up a carbohydrate molecule?

<p>carbon:yes, hydrogen:yes, nitrogen:no, oxygen:yes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Large molecules are made from smaller molecules. Which row names the large molecule and the small molecules it is made from?

<p>large molecule: cellulose, small molecules: glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The graph shows the effect of temperature on the activity of an enzyme. Which statements about the enzyme and substrate at temperatures 1 and 2 are correct?

<p>temperature 1: The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme. temperature 2: The active site changes shape so that the substrate cannot fit into it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an investigation, the rate of photosynthesis in a plant is measured at different temperatures. The investigation is carried out at three different light intensities. The results are shown. What is the limiting factor for the rate of photosynthesis at point X?

<p>light intensity: yes, temperature:no (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plants, which ions are used to make amino acids?

<p>nitrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagram shows a cross-section of part of a leaf. Which structure is the cuticle?

<p>A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Poor nutrition can lead to a condition called rickets in which bones fail to develop properly. The table shows some minerals and vitamins present in four foods. Which food would be best for a child who has rickets?

<p>calcium:x, iron:✓, vitamin C:x, vitamin D:✓ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food group is chemically digested in the mouth, passes through the stomach and continues to be broken down by chemical digestion in the small intestine?

<p>carbohydrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which row about bile is correct?

<p>organ where bile is produced: liver, effect of bile on fat droplet surface area: increases, process involved: physical digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The small intestine is where most digested foods are absorbed. The small intestine has many villi. These are some features of villi. 1 Each villus contains a network of capillaries. 2 Each villus contains a lacteal. 3 The surface of each epithelial cell is covered with microvilli. 4 Villi increase the internal surface area of the small intestine. Which statements about the villi are important for the efficient absorption of glucose?

<p>1, 3 and 4 only (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statements about xylem vessels are correct? 1 Xylem vessels have cells with cross walls. 2 Xylem vessels have thick walls with lignin. 3 Xylem vessels transport water and mineral ions.

<p>2 and 3 only (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dodder is a plant that grows on other plants called hosts. The dodder plant connects to the host's vascular bundles. The dodder plant does not have green leaves or roots. What correctly describes the regions for translocation?

<p>host leaves: source, dodder: sink (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagram shows part of the human circulatory system. Which structure is the hepatic vein?

<p>A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of passive immunity?

<p>Antibodies are acquired from another individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The graph shows the change in the rate of breathing of an athlete. What causes the response during time period Y?

<p>an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

These are processes that occur in plants. 1 active transport 2 cell division 3 osmosis 4 transpiration. Which processes use energy from respiration?

<p>1 and 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

<p>$C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2C_2H_5OH + 2CO_2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which labeled organ has a major role in the assimilation of amino acids by converting them to proteins?

<p>A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A toxin that is the same shape as a neurotransmitter prevents muscle contraction. Which statement explains why the toxin prevents muscle contraction?

<p>The toxin blocks the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on motor neurones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagram shows the structure of the human eye. Which labelled part refracts light entering the eye?

<p>C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is injected with adrenaline. Which graph shows the expected changes to pulse rate and blood glucose concentration?

<p>pulse rate: increases, blood glucose concentration: increases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diagram shows the shoot and root of a seedling, responding to gravity. Which row shows where the auxin accumulates and the effect of this in the shoot?

<p>accumulates: lower surface, effect: inhibits cell elongation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factors would increase the chance of antibiotic resistance developing? 1 regularly giving antibiotics to healthy livestock 2 only using antibiotics to treat bacterial infections 3 using several different antibiotics to treat an infection 4 using good personal hygiene to avoid infection

<p>1 and 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using asexual reproduction in crop plants?

<p>It can reliably produce many crop plants with a desirable characteristic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The graphs show the concentrations in the blood of four hormones involved in controlling the menstrual cycle. Which line represents FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)?

<p>C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mitotic index of a tissue is the percentage of cells in the tissue that are dividing by mitosis. The table shows information about two tissue samples, X and Y. Which statement is correct?

<p>Tissue X is growing fastest with a mitotic index of 31.3%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fruit flies can either have red eyes or white eyes. This is a sex-linked characteristic with the gene for eye colour located on the X chromosome. The allele for red eyes (R) is dominant over the allele for white eyes (r). A fruit fly with the genotype $X^RX^r$ was crossed with a fruit fly with the genotype $X^rY$. Which percentage of the offspring will have red eyes?

<p>50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about variation is correct?

<p>Seed shape in peas shows discontinuous variation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When in vitro fertilisation (IVF) is used in captive breeding programmes, these processes occur. 1 The egg cell is fertilised. 2 The egg cell is removed from an ovary. 3 The embryo is implanted into the uterus. 4 The sperm cells are added. In which order do these processes occur?

<p>2→4→1→3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gas exchange in alveoli

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which is a characteristic of living organisms.

Exoskeleton

Insects and arachnids both feature an external skeleton for protection and support.

Mammal characteristics

A mammal is an animal that swims, has a backbone, and produces milk.

Aerobic Respiration Location

Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion of the cell.

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Formula for Actual Size

actual size = image size / magnification

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Oxygen Diffusion in Lungs

Oxygen diffuses into the blood from an alveolus because the oxygen concentration is higher in the alveolus than in the blood.

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Active Transport

Active transport is the movement of substances from a lower to a higher concentration, requires energy from respiration, and uses a protein carrier in the cell membrane.

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Elements in Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Cellulose Components

Cellulose is a large molecule made from smaller glucose molecules.

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High Temperature and Enzymes

At high temperatures, an enzyme's active site changes so the substrate cannot bind, reducing enzyme activity

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Limiting Factor at Point X

At point X, temperature is the limiting factor for photosynthesis; increasing the temperature will increase rate.

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Ions for Amino Acids

Nitrate ions are used to make amino acids in plants.

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Carbohydrate Digestion Location

In digestion, carbohydrates are chemically digested in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

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Bile action on fats

Bile increases the surface area available, which is a physical digestion process.

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Villi Features for Absorption

Villi contain a network of capillaries, and their surfaces covered with microvilli to efficiently absorb glucose.

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Xylem Vessel Features

Xylem vessels have thick walls with lignin and transport water and mineral ions in plants.

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Passive Immunity

Antibodies are acquired from another individual.

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Cause of Athlete's Response

During time period Y, an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.

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Energy-Using Plant Processes

Active transport and transpiration are the processes that happen in plants.

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Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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Organ for Amino Acid Assimilation

Liver

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Toxin's Effect on Muscle Contraction

The toxin blocks the binding to receptors in muscle contraction.

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Cornea Function

The cornea refracts light entering the eye.

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Asexual Reproduction Advantage

It can reliably produce many crop plants with a desirable characteristic.

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Identify FSH in Menstrual Cycle

The hormone represented by curve A is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

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Study Notes

  • Gas exchange in the alveoli represents a characteristic of living organisms.
  • Homo sapiens (modern people) evolved from earlier ancestors like Homo heidelbergensis, Homo erectus, and Homo habilis.
  • Modern people and their ancestors are the same genus but not the same species.
  • Both insects and arachnids have an exoskeleton.
  • An animal that can swim, has a backbone, and produces milk belongs to the mammals group.
  • Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondrion of the cell.
  • The method to calculate the actual size of an object is: actual size = image size / magnification.
  • Oxygen diffuses into the blood from an alveolus because the oxygen concentration in the alveolus is greater than the oxygen concentration in the blood.
  • In plant cells, water moves from a high water potential region to a low water potential region.
  • Active transport involves the movement of substances from a lower to a higher concentration.
  • Active transport needs energy from respiration.
  • Active transport requires a protein carrier in the cell membrane.
  • Carbohydrate molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Large molecules are made from smaller molecules.
  • Cellulose is made of glucose.
  • Fat is made of glycerol and fatty acids.
  • Glycogen is made of glucose.
  • Starch is made of glucose.
  • At temperature 1, the active site fits the substrate in the enzyme.
  • At temperature 2, the substrate changes shape so that it cannot fit into the active site.
  • At point X of the rate of photosynthesis, light intensity is the limiting factor.
  • Plants use nitrates to make amino acids.
  • The cuticle in a leaf is the waxy layer on the leaf.
  • Minerals and vitamins needed for a child with rickets include Calcium and Vitamin D.
  • Carbohydrates are chemically digested in the mouth, pass through the stomach, and continues to be broken down by chemical digestion in the small intestine.
  • Bile is produced in the liver, increases the fat droplet surface area, and the process involved is physical digestion.
  • Features of the villi that are important for the efficient absorption of glucose are: each villus contains a network of capillaries; the surface of each epithelial cell is covered with microvilli; villi increase the internal surface area of the small intestine.
  • Xylem vessels have thick walls with lignin and transport water and mineral ions.
  • In dodder plants, host leaves acts as a source and dodder acts as a sink for translocation.
  • The hepatic vein is the blood vessel that carries blood away from the liver.
  • A feature of passive immunity is that antibodies are acquired from another individual.
  • The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood causes the response in the athlete in time period Y.
  • Active transport and transpiration are processes that use energy from respiration in plants.
  • The balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast is: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2.
  • The liver has a major role in the assimilation of amino acids by converting them to proteins.
  • A toxin that blocks the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on motor neurones prevents muscle contraction.
  • The cornea refracts light entering the eye.
  • After injection with adrenaline, pulse rate increases and blood glucose concentration increases.
  • Auxin inhibits cell elongation on the lower surface in the shoot of a seedling.
  • Factors that increase the chance of antibiotic resistance developing are regularly giving antibiotics to healthy livestock and using several different antibiotics to treat an infection.
  • An advantage of using asexual reproduction in crop plants it can reliably produce many crop plants with a desirable characteristic.
  • Line A represents follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) involved in controlling the menstrual cycle.
  • Tissue X is growing fastest with a mitotic index of 31.3%.
  • When there are red and white eyed fruit files and a sex linked gene for eye colour on the X chromosome, where the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant over the allele for white eyes (r). If a fruit fly with the genotype XRX was crossed with a fruit fly with the genotype XRY, 50% of the offspring will have red eyes.
  • Seed shape in peas shows discontinuous variation.
  • Nitrogen fixation is a part of the nitrogen cycle where nitrate ions change to nitrogen gas.
  • In in vitro fertilisation (IVF), these processes occur in the order: the egg cell is removed from an ovary, then the sperm cells are added.
  • Next, the egg cell is fertilised, and finally the embryo is implanted into the uterus.
  • Plasmid is the cell structure in bacterial cells used in genetic modification.

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