How Computers Work: An Overview

How Computers Work: An Overview

• Computers process, store, and communicate data through logical operations.

Historical Context and Evolution

• Programmable devices have significantly shaped technology and computing, enabling machines to perform operations automatically based on given instructions. The concept dates back centuries, with early examples like mechanical calculators. The 20th century saw crucial advancements with the emergence of electronic computers, enhancing programming flexibility and complexity. Today’s computers execute millions of instructions per second and support a wide range of applications, making programmability essential for user customization and a vital tool in various fields.
• The 20th century saw the development of electronic computers, like the ENIAC.
• Computers have evolved from massive and expensive to smaller, faster, and more affordable.
• Transistors and integrated circuits are key advancements.
• Computers are now ubiquitous in various devices (smartphones to supercomputers).

Hardware and Parts of a Computer

How Hardware Works

• The BIOS initializes hardware components.
• The operating system controls resources and provides user interfaces.

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Definition: The computer's brain, executing instructions.
• Historical Context: The Intel 4004 microprocessor was introduced in 1971.
• Function: Fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from memory.

2. Memory (RAM and ROM)

• Definition: RAM is volatile temporary storage and ROM is non-volatile and crucial for booting.
• Historical Context: Magnetic core memory was used earlier. RAM became popular in the 1970s.
• Function: RAM stores active processes; ROM holds firmware.

3. Motherboard

• Definition: The main circuit board housing components.
• Function: Connects all parts and allows communication between them.

4. Storage Devices (HDDs, SSDs)

• Definition: HDDs use spinning disks, and SSDs use flash memory to store data permanently.
• Historical Context: HDDs emerged in 1956, and SSDs in the 1990s.
• Function: HDDs use spinning disks and magnetic storage; SSDs use flash memory.

5. Input/Output Devices

• Definition: Devices to interact with the computer; input sends data to the CPU, and output receives data from the CPU.
• Examples: Keyboards, mice, monitors.

Operating Software: System and User Interface

• System Software Manages hardware and software resources (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).
• User Interface: How users interact with the computer (graphical or command-line).

Embedded Systems

• Definition: Specialized embedded systems perform dedicated functions within larger systems.
• Historical Context: Microcontrollers popularised embedded systems in the 1970s.
• Function: Have specific hardware and software for particular tasks.
• Examples: Smartphones, smart TVs, automobiles, and medical devices.

Components Required to Build a PC

• CPU: Processes instructions.
• Motherboard: Connects components.
• RAM: Provides temporary storage.
• Storage Device: Holds programs and data.
• Power Supply: Provides power.
• Case: Houses components.
• Cooling System: Maintains temperature.
• Internal Cables: Connect internal components.

External Cables

• SATA: Connects storage devices.
• Power Cables: Distributes power.
• USB: Connects peripherals.
• HDMI: Transmits audio and video.
• Data Cables: SATA, IDE, USB, HDMI, Ethernet (connect to networks).

Internal and Additional Components Attached to the Motherboard

• GPU: Handles image rendering.
• Sound Card: Manages audio.
• NIC: Enables network connections.

Number System

• Binary: Uses 0 and 1.
• Decimal: Uses 0 to 9.

2. Algorithms & Flowcharts

• Definition: A set of steps to perform a task or solve a problem.
• Example: Algorithm to find the largest number in a list.

Flowchart Symbols (Advanced)

• Oval: Start/end of a process.
• Rectangle: Process steps.
• Diamond: Decision point.
• Arrow: Flow direction.

3. HTML & CSS

• HTML: Root element of an HTML document (Head, Title, Body).
• Attributes: Used to modify elements (Background, Bgcolor, Text, Link, Alink, Vlink).

4. Multimedia: Flash CS6

• Defining Flash Documents: Interactive animations, applications, and multimedia.
• Working with Graphics and Symbols: Drawing tools, reusable symbols.
• Creating Animations: Using frames and keyframes for animation.

5. Database Management: MS-Access

• Definition: Organized collection of data.
• Managing Tables, Queries, Forms, and Reports: Storing, retrieving, managing data.

6. Networking

• Definition: Connecting computers to share resources.
• Types of Networks (LAN, WAN): Local Area Networks, Wide Area Networks.

7. Microsoft Office Suite

• Exploring File Tab and Slide Show Tab: Accessing options.
• Comparing, Combining, and Protecting Presentations: Managing presentations.
• Exploring File Tab, Formulas, and Functions: Basic file manipulation and calculations.

8. Cyber Safety

• Measures for protecting online activities (strong passwords and avoiding phishing).
• Safe Browsing and Data Protection (antivirus software and secure websites).

9. Operating Systems

• Definition: Software managing hardware and software resources.
• Features and Types (single-user and multi-user) .
• Single-user: Designed for one user (e.g., Windows 10 Home).
• Multiple-user: Allows concurrent use (e.g., Unix-based systems).

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Definition: Simulation of human intelligence in machines.
• Historical Context: Introduced by Alan Turing.
• Core Concepts and Theories: Algorithmic, machine learning, and neural networks.
• Practical Applications: Healthcare, finance, and customer service.

Robotics

• Definition: The design and operation of robots.
• Historical Context: Emerged in the 20th century.
• Core Concepts and Theories: Mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, Kinematics, control systems, and AI.

Future Trends in AI and Machine Learning and Robotics and IT Gadgets

• Advancements with AI, machine learning, and human-robot interaction.
• Collaborative robots (cobots) on the rise..
• Future trends of miniaturization and integration of smart features in devices (wearables and IoT devices).