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Questions and Answers
What is the estimated number of infections caused by hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in American hospitals each year?
What is the estimated number of infections caused by hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in American hospitals each year?
Which bacterium is noted as the most common cause of nosocomial infections?
Which bacterium is noted as the most common cause of nosocomial infections?
Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor for nosocomial infections?
Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor for nosocomial infections?
What preventive measure involves the establishment of a committee dedicated to reducing hospital-acquired infections?
What preventive measure involves the establishment of a committee dedicated to reducing hospital-acquired infections?
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Which of the following pathogens is particularly known for being antibiotic-resistant and challenging to treat?
Which of the following pathogens is particularly known for being antibiotic-resistant and challenging to treat?
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What is a common site of nosocomial infections in hospitals?
What is a common site of nosocomial infections in hospitals?
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Which of the following is NOT a route of spread for nosocomial infections?
Which of the following is NOT a route of spread for nosocomial infections?
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Which condition is commonly seen in patients that may increase their risk for nosocomial infections?
Which condition is commonly seen in patients that may increase their risk for nosocomial infections?
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What is the primary aim of establishing a central sterile supply department (CSSD) in a hospital?
What is the primary aim of establishing a central sterile supply department (CSSD) in a hospital?
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Which of the following tasks is NOT a function of the CSSD?
Which of the following tasks is NOT a function of the CSSD?
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What method is commonly used for sterilizing sensitive materials in the CSSD?
What method is commonly used for sterilizing sensitive materials in the CSSD?
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Which of the following strategies is NOT part of hospital waste management?
Which of the following strategies is NOT part of hospital waste management?
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Which step of waste management involves evaluating the types and amounts of waste generated?
Which step of waste management involves evaluating the types and amounts of waste generated?
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What is the main focus of hospital hygiene?
What is the main focus of hospital hygiene?
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What is considered a major risk associated with healthcare waste?
What is considered a major risk associated with healthcare waste?
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Which area is classified as a restricted area in a hospital?
Which area is classified as a restricted area in a hospital?
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What is a primary reason for ensuring good hygiene in hospitals?
What is a primary reason for ensuring good hygiene in hospitals?
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How should hospital buildings be maintained?
How should hospital buildings be maintained?
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What type of areas fall under semi-restricted classification?
What type of areas fall under semi-restricted classification?
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Which aspect does hygiene in hospitals NOT primarily concern itself with?
Which aspect does hygiene in hospitals NOT primarily concern itself with?
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How should biomedical waste be disposed of to mitigate infection risk?
How should biomedical waste be disposed of to mitigate infection risk?
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What is a requirement for medical staff in hospitals regarding hygiene?
What is a requirement for medical staff in hospitals regarding hygiene?
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What does basic sanitation of a hospital include?
What does basic sanitation of a hospital include?
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Which section requires special hygienic measures in a hospital?
Which section requires special hygienic measures in a hospital?
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What defines a nosocomial infection?
What defines a nosocomial infection?
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What are endogenous infections?
What are endogenous infections?
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How are nosocomial infections often categorized?
How are nosocomial infections often categorized?
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What is the infection rate of nosocomial infections in US hospitals?
What is the infection rate of nosocomial infections in US hospitals?
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Which agency provides guidance to prevent nosocomial infections?
Which agency provides guidance to prevent nosocomial infections?
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Study Notes
Hospital Hygiene
- Hospital hygiene is vital for any national public health system.
- Hospitals are places where medical staff provide specialized care to patients.
- Inside hospitals, doctors and health workers perform professional and technical tasks, interacting with sick people.
- Hospital construction needs special criteria, hygienic measures, and rules for its function.
- Hospital hygiene focuses primarily on preventing hospital infections.
- Protecting patients requires commitment to hygiene from all staff members.
- Hygiene is teamwork.
- Good hygiene prevents patients from catching dangerous infections.
- It prevents germs and bacteria from spreading to visitors and the community.
Introduction
- Management of health-care waste is crucial for hygiene and infection control.
- Healthcare waste acts as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms.
- This can lead to contamination and infections.
- Biomedical waste carries a higher infection and injury potential than other types.
- Proper final disposal (e.g., incineration) is essential.
- Inadequate waste management transmits microorganisms through direct contact, air, or vectors.
- This endangers hospital staff and patients.
General Hygienic Requirement of Hospital
- Hospital buildings need daily cleaning and regular maintenance (internal and external).
- Internal hospital areas are classified according to sanitary importance and infection risk:
- Restricted areas (e.g., operating room, ICU, labor room)
- Semi-restricted areas (e.g., intermediate rooms, pre-labor rooms)
- Unrestricted areas (e.g., waiting rooms, outpatient departments).
Personal Hygiene Requirement
- Medical staff must wear uniforms.
- Staff must maintain personal hygiene.
- Staff should undergo regular medical checkups.
Basic Sanitation of Hospital
- Water supply, vector control, liquid waste, garbage, food, and waste management are crucial.
Specific Hygienic Requirements
- Hygienic requirements differ based on department characteristics and function.
- Special hygiene measures are needed for specific departments.
- Some rooms require routine cleaning; other areas need focus on hygiene.
- Key areas for attention include:
- Waiting rooms
- Causality rooms
- Outpatient rooms
- Admission rooms
- Infectious disease areas
- Premature and newborn rooms
- Operating and delivery rooms.
Nosocomial Infections
- Nosocomial infections (also called healthcare-associated or hospital-acquired infections) are a subset of infectious diseases acquired in a healthcare facility.
- To be considered nosocomial; infection cannot be at admission.
- It must develop at least 48 hours after admission.
- These infections can cause serious problems (e.g., sepsis, death).
- Two forms of nosocomial infection:
- Endogenous Infection: The causative agent is present at the time of admission, but there are no signs of infection. The infection develops during the stay, resulting from the patient's altered resistance.
- Cross-contamination followed by cross-infection: Patient comes into contact with new infective agents, contaminating them, and ultimately developing infection.
- Many nosocomial infections are preventable; national public health institutes (e.g., CDC) provide guidance.
Nosocomial Infections (additional)
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Nosocomial infections occur at a rate of 5 to 10 per 100 admissions in US hospitals.
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In American hospitals, HAIs account for approximately 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths yearly.
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Factors that increase nosocomial infection risk:
- Increasing age
- Length of hospitalization
- Excessive or improper use of antibiotics
- Number of invasive devices (e.g., catheters, ventilation)
- Accompanying conditions (e.g., diabetes, lung disease, renal failure, malnutrition).
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Hospital-acquired infections may be studied from three perspectives; sources, routes of spread, and recipients.
- Sources: patients, staff, and environment.
- Routes of spread: direct contact, droplets, airborne particles, hospital procedures.
- Recipients: all patients in a hospital are at risk of cross infection.
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Sites of nosocomial infections includes:
- UTIs
- Surgical site infection
- Blood stream
- Lower respiratory
- Others
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The most common type of nosocomial infection is Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria.
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Other common pathogens include Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and Candida, often found on skin and mucous membranes.
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Antibiotic-resistant strains like MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) pose a significant risk.
Preventive Measures
- Isolation, especially for contagious diseases needing precautions.
- Proper hospital staff training and adherence to appropriate practices.
- Handwashing, dust control, and disinfection practices.
- Controlling infections (controlling droplet infections).
- Barrier/task nursing technique to minimize cross-infection.
- "Control of Infection Committee": reduce infection incidence, decide on measures to tackle reported cases.
Central Sterile Supply Department (CSSD)
- Critical for high-quality sterilization and disinfection.
- Establishing a central sterile supply department in a hospital (CSSD), aim to minimize acquired infections.
- CSSD design should consider close proximity to operation theaters.
- Centralized CSSD enhances efficiency and effectiveness of sterilization activities.
Function of CSSD
- Receipt of materials from operating/labor rooms.
- Sorting: re-sterilization or discarding of materials.
- Cleaning: removal of (e.g. blood, pus) using hot/cold water.
- Processing; repair, and packing, preparation for sterilization.
- Sterilizing: steaming in autoclaves, ultraviolet (UV), or ethylene oxide.
- Storage: Unused storage materials needing checking for sterility.
- Issuing: pre-planned distribution system of sterile materials.
Bio-medical Waste (BMW)
- Biomedical waste (BMW) is generated during diagnostics, treatment, and immunizations.
Strategy Adopted for Hospital Waste Management
- Waste reduction and management strategy
- Waste assessment strategy
- Waste recycling strategy
- Hospital waste disposal
Certain Procedures and Guidelines for Hospital Waste Management
- Collection of waste
- Waste segregation
- Waste transportation
- Waste storage
- Waste treatment
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Description
This quiz focuses on the critical aspects of hospital hygiene and infection control. It addresses the importance of maintaining cleanliness in healthcare settings and the management of healthcare waste. Test your knowledge on how hygiene practices protect patients from infections and ensure overall public health.
