Hospital-Acquired Infections Overview

Nosocomially acquired infections that are not present or incubating at the time of admission to a hospital.

False (B)

<p>hospital-acquired infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clostridioides difficile (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Productive cough, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, rebound tenderness, altered mental status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) = Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) = Pneumonia that develops more than 48 to 72 hours after endotracheal intubation. Surgical site infections (SSI) = Infections that occur after surgery in the area of the surgical procedure. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) = Urinary tract infections associated with the use of catheters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receipt of intravenous antibiotics within the last 90 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterococcus faecium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RND system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MATE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy-dependent transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Porin loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmid replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tracheal aspirates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escherichia coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzyme-mediated antimicrobial inactivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have drastically higher tolerance to antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>16S RNA methylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have increasing multi-drug resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased metabolic rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clostridium difficile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated blood urea nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Procalcitonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12.9% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify the pathogen and its susceptibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent hospital-acquired infections and improve patient safety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pneumonia occurring 48 hours or more after admission without prior incubation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To better identify at-risk patients and reduce antibiotic overuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Appendicitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of chronic conditions and prior antibiotic usage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hospital-acquired Pneumonia (HAP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are linked to multidrug-resistant infections affecting the community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AACs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilator-associated pneumonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive sports participation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased cell wall turnover (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipopolysaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clostridioides difficile (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They modify aminoglycoside antibiotics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receipt of intravenous antibiotics within the last 90 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They survive during antibiotic treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escherichia coli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>19.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>APHs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced immune recognition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S. aureus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hospital-acquired infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PBP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An infection acquired after admission to a hospital, not present or incubating at the time of admission, manifesting 48 hours or more post-admission

Bloodstream infection related to a central line/IV catheter.

Urinary tract infection linked to a catheter.

Infection occurring at a surgical site.

Pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after hospital admission and wasn't present at admission.

Pneumonia after 48-72 hours of intubation.

Infection caused by Clostridioides difficile bacteria.

Six highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp).

Resistant to multiple types of antibiotics.

Factors increasing the likelihood of hospital-acquired infection, including immunosuppression, age, length of stay, comorbidities, etc.

Monitoring of HAI to prevent and improve patient safety.

Network for monitoring healthcare-associated infections.

Ways bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics, including inactivation, altered targets, reduced drug intake.

Study of the patterns, causes, and distribution of HAIs.

Diagnostic tests such as blood tests and cultures used for diagnosing hospital-acquired infections.

An infection acquired during a hospital stay, not present or incubating at admission, manifesting at least 48 hours after entry.

Monitoring HAIs to prevent them and improve patient safety.

Pneumonia starting 48 hours or more after hospital admission, not present on admission.

Infections resistant to multiple types of antibiotics.

Conditions increasing the chance of getting a hospital-acquired infection, such as length of stay, age and underlying health problems.

Outdated term for pneumonia occurring in patients who are frequent or recent users of hospitals.

The minimum time after hospital admission when a hospital-acquired infection typically appears.

Another term for hospital-acquired infections.

Pneumonia developing more than 48-72 hours after intubation.

Conditions increasing hospital infection risk, including immune status, infection control, and pathogens.

Hospital-acquired infections are more common among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients.

Bacteria becoming less responsive to antibiotics, often from frequent antibiotic use.

Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are frequent causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

A bacteria causing colitis.

Blood infections related to central IV lines.

Infections developing after hospital admission.

Pneumonia, surgical site infections, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections are the most common hospital-acquired infections.

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is the most common pathogen found in Healthcare-Associated Infections, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella, and Escherichia coli.

An infection acquired at least 48 hours after a patient is admitted to a hospital, which was not present or incubating at the time of admission.

Tests like serum lactic acid, transaminases, prothrombin time, BUN, and serum creatinine indicate hypoperfusion, while abnormal white blood cell counts or bands may show inflammatory or other issues. Other key lab results may indicate thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and decreased mixed blood saturation

Testing for the pathogen and its antibiotic susceptibility helps choose the best, targeted antibiotic from a broader selection.

Tests that don't influence clinical decisions are typically avoided. For high-probability HAIs like VAP, tests like CRP and procalcitonin are often not needed.

Certain pathogens, such as C. difficile and Klebsiella pneumoniae, are more prevalent among children compared to adults, concerning HAIs.

Before starting antibiotics, obtain samples for cultures to identify the pathogen and its antibiotic susceptibility.

Six highly virulent, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) causing hospital-acquired infections.

Ways bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics; includes inactivation, altered targets, and reduced drug intake.

Non-invasive sampling method for diagnosing infections in patients with pneumonia (HAP/VAP), with a similar accuracy compared to invasive procedures.

Antibiotic destruction by bacteria, like the breakdown of penicillin by enzymes.

Antibiotic resistance mechanism where bacteria change the area an antibiotic binds to, making it unable to work.

Bacteria reduce the amount of antibiotic entering their cells, making them resistant.

Bacteria clump together in a protective coating, making them more resistant to antibiotics.

Infections acquired during a hospital stay, not present on admission. Typically develop at least 48 hours post-admission.

A bacterial system that expels antibiotics, helping bacteria resist them.

A bacterial system for transporting and pumping out various substances, including antibiotics.

A bacterial system that pumps out toxic chemicals and antibiotics from the cell.

A mechanism bacteria use to modify their rRNA, making antibiotics less effective.

A group of transporters that utilize ATP to move substances, including antibiotics, across the membrane.

Bacteria's defense mechanism to resist antibiotics by changing or destroying them.

Bacteria's ability to survive antibiotic treatment.

Enzymes that alter aminoglycoside antibiotics, making them ineffective.

Changes in the bacterial cell wall to evade antibiotics.

Modifications to porin proteins that prevent antibiotics from entering the bacteria.

Ways bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics, through inactivation, altered targets or reduced entry.

Bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment by entering a dormant state.

Spread of bacteria, leading to infections.