4 Branches of Horticulture: Explore Horticultural Crops

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Questions and Answers

Where can stomata be found in some plant species?

Only in the lower epidermis (correct)

Stomata are not found in plants

In both the lower and upper epidermis

Only in the upper epidermis

What is the primary function of stomata during the day?

To close the pores

To release oxygen

To allow CO2 for photosynthesis (correct)

To absorb water

What causes the opening and closing of stomata?

Changes in the shape of the guard cells

Absorption of blue light by the guard cells

Accumulation of ions in the vacuoles of guard cells

All of the above (correct)

What happens to the potassium ion concentration in the guard cells as the day progresses?

It decreases throughout the day Signup and view all the answers

What causes the stomata to close in the late afternoon or early evening?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the tension-cohesion model described in the text?

Henry H. Bauer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a plantation crop?

Corn Signup and view all the answers

Which category of agronomic crops includes plants grown for their specialized stems?

Tubers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of green manure crops?

To improve soil fertility Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a special purpose classification of agronomic crops?

Plantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of drug crops?

To extract chemicals that alter animal metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an agronomic use classification?

Latex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of ornamental horticulture?

To cultivate plants for aesthetic or decorative value Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of horticulture focuses on the study of fruit production?

Pomology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of ornamental horticulture?

Olericulture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of vegetables according to the text?

They are succulent and not sweet, usually eaten with staples Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an ornamental crop?

Papaya Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of landscape design?

Planning and planting outdoor spaces for aesthetic purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stomata opening during the cool night hours in CAM plants?

To allow carbon dioxide uptake for photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 4-C compound formed during the night in CAM plants?

It is a temporary storage form of CO2 Signup and view all the answers

In cellular respiration, what is the purpose of the citric acid cycle?

To release stored energy from acetyl CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

To convert glucose to pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of aerobic cellular respiration?

CO2 and water Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of food reserves during the juvenile stage of a plant's life cycle?

Utilized to produce roots, stalks, and leaves Signup and view all the answers

Where are the food reserves contained in a seed?

In the endosperm or in the fleshy cotyledon Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of germination in plants?

To absorb water and resume embryo growth Signup and view all the answers

How do seeds prepare for germination regarding their water content?

They rehydrate to 30-80% water content Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for germination to be rapid according to the text?

A wide range of temperatures Signup and view all the answers

Which process softens the seed coat and allows the cotyledons and radicle to break through during germination?

Respiration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Stomata

Stomata are adjustable pores that occur only in the lower or upper epidermis of some species
Stomata are open during the day for CO2 absorption and closed at night when photosynthesis is shut down
Opening and closing of stomata are controlled by changes in the shape of the 2 guard cells that surround each pore
When water moves into the guard cells, they become turgid (swollen) and bend, producing a pore
When water leaves, they become flaccid (limp) and collapse, closing the pore

Stomata Opening and Closing Mechanism

Absorption of blue light by the yellow pigment in the plasma membranes of the guard cells triggers pumping out of protons (H+)
This proton gradient drives potassium ions into the guard cells through facilitated diffusion, dragging along chloride ions to balance electrically
These ions accumulate in the vacuoles, increasing their solute concentration, allowing water to move into the guard cells from surrounding epidermal cells by osmosis
In the late afternoon or early evening, stomata close, but not through an exact reversal of the opening process

Classification of Crops

Plantation crops: perennial growth, requiring primary processing before utilization (e.g. oil crops, beverage crops, spice crops, fiber crops, medicinal crops, latex or raisins)
Agronomic crops: herbaceous plants grown in cultivated fields with more or less extensive system of culture
Agronomic use classification: grouping according to the way crops are used (e.g. cereals, seed legumes, forage, roots, tubers, fiber, drugs, sugar, oil)

Horticultural Crops

Grown under systems of intensive culture in relatively small areas
Includes garden crops, plants, and cut flowers, cut foliage, flowering pot plants, landscape plants, foliage crops
Branches of horticulture: pomology, olericulture, ornamental horticulture (floriculture, ornamental nurseries, landscape design)
Main groups of horticultural crops: fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and pineapple

CAM Plants

Fix CO2 at night by combining 3-C compound to form a 4-C compound temporarily stored in the vacuoles of leaf cells
During the day, CO2 is removed from the 4-C compound, and thus available for fixation into sugar by the Calvin cycle

Cellular Respiration

A series of chemical reactions that break apart fuel molecules and transfer energy stored in the bonds of ATP
Cells use 3 catabolic pathways: aerobic respiration, glycolysis, and citric acid cycle
Aerobic respiration: requires O2, fuel molecules are catabolized to CO2 and water
Glycolysis: takes place in the cytoplasm, does not require O2, and produces pyruvate

Plant Development

Juvenile stage: almost all food reserves are used to produce roots, stalks, and leaves
Mature stage: leaf and stalk growth ceases or slows down, and most products of photosynthesis are utilized for fruit growth
Embryo: the rudimentary plant resulting from fertilization
Germination: the resumption of growth of the embryo by absorption of water to deactivate growth regulators, activate hormones, release enzymes, and soften the seed coat

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Description

Explore the world of horticultural crops grown in small areas for aesthetic or decorative purposes, as well as the branches of horticulture such as pomology and olericulture. Learn about plants like Anthurium used as cut flowers and the study of fruit and vegetable production.

Horticultural Crops and Branches of Horticulture

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