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Questions and Answers
What is a primary cause of diseases and injuries in horses?
What is a primary cause of diseases and injuries in horses?
How long are horses typically supposed to forage during a 24-hour period?
How long are horses typically supposed to forage during a 24-hour period?
Which of the following is a clinical sign of colic in horses?
Which of the following is a clinical sign of colic in horses?
What is one of the critical prevention strategies for colic?
What is one of the critical prevention strategies for colic?
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What factor contributes to horses being prone to injuries?
What factor contributes to horses being prone to injuries?
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What is a treatment approach for horses with injuries?
What is a treatment approach for horses with injuries?
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What is the success rate of surgical procedures for colic in horses?
What is the success rate of surgical procedures for colic in horses?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended management practice for horses?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended management practice for horses?
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What is the primary purpose of performing dental floats on horses?
What is the primary purpose of performing dental floats on horses?
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Which condition is primarily diagnosed through radiographs in horses?
Which condition is primarily diagnosed through radiographs in horses?
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What commonly available treatment is not recommended for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?
What commonly available treatment is not recommended for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)?
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In what situations should hoof care be performed, according to maximum intervals?
In what situations should hoof care be performed, according to maximum intervals?
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Which of the following is NOT a potential underlying factor for laminitis?
Which of the following is NOT a potential underlying factor for laminitis?
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What is a common symptom indicating overdue dental care in horses?
What is a common symptom indicating overdue dental care in horses?
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How does laminitis primarily manifest in horses?
How does laminitis primarily manifest in horses?
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What effect does poor hoof hygiene typically have on horses?
What effect does poor hoof hygiene typically have on horses?
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What is a common clinical sign of equine infectious anemia (EIA)?
What is a common clinical sign of equine infectious anemia (EIA)?
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What is the primary cause of strangles in horses?
What is the primary cause of strangles in horses?
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How long can horses carry the bacteria that causes strangles after clinical signs have cleared?
How long can horses carry the bacteria that causes strangles after clinical signs have cleared?
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What is the incubation period for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
What is the incubation period for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
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What is the primary route of transmission for contagious equine metritis?
What is the primary route of transmission for contagious equine metritis?
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Which of the following statements about equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is correct?
Which of the following statements about equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is correct?
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What percentage of horses dies from Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
What percentage of horses dies from Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE)?
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How can horse owners effectively manage antihelminthic resistance?
How can horse owners effectively manage antihelminthic resistance?
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What is a key factor affecting horse owners' willingness to seek medical care for their horses?
What is a key factor affecting horse owners' willingness to seek medical care for their horses?
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What is the vaccine situation for West Nile Virus?
What is the vaccine situation for West Nile Virus?
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Horses are meant to forage for ______ hours per 24 hr period.
Horses are meant to forage for ______ hours per 24 hr period.
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Colic is a term for a wide variety of clinical signs including gas pain and ______ intestine.
Colic is a term for a wide variety of clinical signs including gas pain and ______ intestine.
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The leading cause of death in horses is ______.
The leading cause of death in horses is ______.
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Horses are herd animals and are highly motivated to maintain ______ with conspecifics.
Horses are herd animals and are highly motivated to maintain ______ with conspecifics.
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To manage colic in horses, appropriate continuous ______ should be provided.
To manage colic in horses, appropriate continuous ______ should be provided.
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Horses can injure themselves through unsafe ______, sharp objects, and inappropriate herd mates.
Horses can injure themselves through unsafe ______, sharp objects, and inappropriate herd mates.
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One of the treatments for horse injuries includes ______ and rehab.
One of the treatments for horse injuries includes ______ and rehab.
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Surgical cases for colic have about a ______% success rate.
Surgical cases for colic have about a ______% success rate.
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Horses typically have their full set of adult teeth by around ______ years.
Horses typically have their full set of adult teeth by around ______ years.
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Regular dental care for horses involves 'floating' the teeth to eliminate sharp edges and uneven wear, ideally done every ______ to ______ times per year.
Regular dental care for horses involves 'floating' the teeth to eliminate sharp edges and uneven wear, ideally done every ______ to ______ times per year.
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Laminitis is defined as inflammation of the hoof ______.
Laminitis is defined as inflammation of the hoof ______.
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One common sign of overdue dental care in horses is ______.
One common sign of overdue dental care in horses is ______.
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In the management of laminitis, careful attention is needed to address the underlying ______.
In the management of laminitis, careful attention is needed to address the underlying ______.
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Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is caused by an RNA enveloped ______ that invades macrophages.
Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is caused by an RNA enveloped ______ that invades macrophages.
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Hoof care for horses should ideally be performed at intervals of ______ to ______ weeks.
Hoof care for horses should ideally be performed at intervals of ______ to ______ weeks.
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Common signs of laminitis may include a ______ stance and increased digital pulse.
Common signs of laminitis may include a ______ stance and increased digital pulse.
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Equine infectious anemia (EIA) can cause ______, anorexia, and general weakness.
Equine infectious anemia (EIA) can cause ______, anorexia, and general weakness.
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Coggins testing is a specialized blood test to detect antibodies for the ______ virus.
Coggins testing is a specialized blood test to detect antibodies for the ______ virus.
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Strangles is caused by gram ______ bacteria.
Strangles is caused by gram ______ bacteria.
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Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) can cause severe ______ signs.
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) can cause severe ______ signs.
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Contagious equine metritis is a bacterial infection of the ______.
Contagious equine metritis is a bacterial infection of the ______.
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Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is caused by ______ neurona.
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is caused by ______ neurona.
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West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne ______ virus.
West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne ______ virus.
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To manage antihelminthic resistance, owners should conduct a fecal egg ______.
To manage antihelminthic resistance, owners should conduct a fecal egg ______.
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Horse owners often do not see their horses as companions or pets, but rather as ______, workers, or livestock.
Horse owners often do not see their horses as companions or pets, but rather as ______, workers, or livestock.
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Vaccination against Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) requires an annual ______.
Vaccination against Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) requires an annual ______.
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Study Notes
Horse Management
- Horses are naturally designed to graze for 16-19 hours a day and move freely for up to 70% of the day.
- Equine management practices often contradict their natural needs.
- Horses are herd animals and need social interaction.
- Long stem forage is essential for healthy gut function.
Colic
- Colic is a broad term for abdominal pain in horses, ranging from gas pain to intestinal blockages.
- It's the leading cause of death in horses.
- Symptoms include rolling, pacing, kicking at the belly, lack of appetite, and difficulty passing gas or feces.
- Prevention includes providing continuous access to forage, avoiding sudden diet changes, minimizing stress, hydration, and encouraging movement.
- Treatment often involves pain management and may require surgery, which has a 50% success rate and a high complication risk.
Equine Injuries
- Horses can injure themselves in various ways, including unsafe fencing, sharp objects, holes, rocks, collisions with fences, inappropriate herd mates, and performance activities.
- Providing adequate turnout is crucial to prevent injuries.
- Treatment options include rest, rehabilitation, PRP injections, stem cell therapy, steroid injections, shockwave therapy, chiropractic, acupuncture, magnetic wave therapies, and surgery.
Dental Care
- Horses develop their full set of adult teeth by the age of 5.
- Their teeth grow continuously and are naturally offset for efficient foraging.
- "Floating" teeth involves smoothing sharp edges and uneven wear, preventing eating difficulties and mouth lesions.
- This procedure is typically done under sedation by a licensed veterinarian, 1-2 times a year.
- Wolf teeth and caps may need removal.
- Signs of dental issues include dropping feed, uneven chewing, and weight loss.
Hoof Care
- Horses require hoof trimming and balancing every 6-8 weeks.
- Hoof angle can influence lameness and arthritis development.
- Abscesses are common in unsanitary conditions.
Laminitis
- It's a painful inflammation of the hoof lamina.
- Symptoms include stiffness, a sawhorse stance, weight shifting to the hindquarters, increased digital pulse, and hot feet.
- It's diagnosed through radiographs.
- It can be caused by various factors, including metabolic diseases (PPID or Cushing's), obesity, high starch diets, immune hypersensitivity, infections, toxins, compensatory limb laminitis, and injuries.
- It's one of the leading causes of death in horses.
- Treatment involves careful management, addressing the underlying cause, potential surgery, and therapeutic trimming or shoeing.
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
- It's a reportable disease that leads to euthanasia as horses remain carriers for life.
- It's caused by an RNA-enveloped retrovirus that infects macrophages.
- The incubation period is typically 2-4 weeks, but can range from 1 week to 3 months.
- Transmission occurs through biting insects and reused needles.
- The disease can be triggered by stress.
- Horses can be contagious without showing clinical signs.
- A vaccine exists but cannot be used due to its potential for adverse effects.
- Symptoms include anorexia, depression, weakness, fever, jaundice, small hemorrhages, swollen extremities, and weight loss.
Coggins Testing
- It's a blood test to detect antibodies against the EIA virus.
- It's required for performance activities and cross-border transport.
Strangles (Streptococcus equi)
- It's an upper respiratory disease caused by gram-positive bacteria.
- Horses can shed the bacteria for up to 6 weeks after symptoms subside, or become lifelong carriers.
- It's spread through direct contact or environmental contamination.
- Horses can be contagious before showing symptoms.
- It's characterized by fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes, and abscesses.
- The vaccine is not highly effective.
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
- It's a rare but often fatal disease that causes brain inflammation.
- The incubation period is 2-3 weeks followed by 2-3 days of clinical signs.
- It has a mortality rate of 90%.
- Symptoms include severe neurological signs.
- Diagnosis is confirmed by IgM antibodies to the virus.
- An annual booster vaccine is available.
- EEV can be zoonotic.
- It's transmitted through mosquito bites.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
- It's a bacterial infection of the uterus caused by Taylorella equigenitalis.
- It's spread through sexual contact.
- Symptoms appear about 10 days after breeding.
- It can be asymptomatic or lead to abortion and uterine inflammation.
- Active infections in mares can be treated with antibiotics.
- Stallions should be cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine before breeding.
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- It's caused by Sarcocystis neurona.
- It's spread through opossums, cats, skunks, and raccoons.
- It causes severe neurological signs.
West Nile Virus (WNV)
- It's a mosquito-borne RNA virus that infects and kills birds.
- It can cause neurological signs and fever, but can be asymptomatic.
- It's zoonotic, but only causes disease in about 20% of humans infected.
- There's no treatment, but an effective vaccine is available.
Deworming and Antihelminthic Resistance
- Overuse and misinformation about deworming contribute to resistance.
- Solutions include regular fecal egg counts, targeted deworming based on parasite identification, and maintaining clean environments.
Horse Owner Choices
- Many horse owners prioritize their horses' roles as athletes, workers, or livestock, rather than companions or pets.
- Horses may not always receive immediate care for illness or injury.
- Financial limitations can restrict the affordability of treatment.
- Misinformation influences horse care decisions.
Equine Management & Disease
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Horse Management Impacts Disease
- Horses are meant to be foraging for 16-19 hours/day and moving up to 70% of the time
- This is not always provided, especially for performance horses
- Colic is a significant problem in horses, often caused by poor management, diet, improper turnout.
- Turnout can be varied from small pens to large pastures
- Multiple ways to manage horses (stalls, confinement, etc.)
- Horse owners may not see their horses as pets, but as athletes/workers/livestock
Colic
- Wide variety of clinical signs, including gas pain to strangulated intestine
- Leading cause of death in horses
- Preventable in many cases by providing continuous forage, avoiding sudden diet changes, minimizing distress, hydration, and movement
- Treatment involves pain management and depends on the cause
- Surgery has a 50% success rate and high complication rates
Equine Injury
- Horses can be prone to injury from unsafe fencing, sharp objects, rocks, inappropriate herd mates, and performance activities.
- Lots of treatment options, including rest, rehab, PRP injections, stem cell therapy, steroid injections, shockwave therapy, chiropractic, acupuncture, magnetic wave therapies, and surgery
Dental Care
- Horses get full set of adult teeth by ~5yrs
- Teeth grow continuously and are naturally offset for foraging
- Dental “floating” required 1-2 times/year to eliminate sharp edges and uneven wear
- Should be done under light sedation by a licensed vet
- Wolf teeth and “caps” sometimes require removal
- Signs of needing dental care: quidding, uneven chewing, dropping feed, and weight loss
Hoof Care
- Hooves should be trimmed and balanced every 6-8 weeks
- Hoof angle can influence lameness and arthritis development
- Abscesses are common in unhygienic conditions
Laminitis
- Extremely painful inflammation of hoof lamina
- Clinical signs: stiff gait, sawhorse stance, weight shifting to hind, increased digital pulse, hot feet
- Diagnosed by radiograph
- Caused by many factors: metabolic diseases (PPID/Cushings), obesity, high starch diets, immune hypersensitivity, infection, toxins, compensatory limb laminitis, injury
- Can be fatal and requires careful management
- May involve surgical intervention and therapeutic trimming/shoeing
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)
- CFIA reportable disease resulting in euthanasia
- Horses remain carriers for life
- Spread by biting insects and reused needles
- Incubation period is 1 week to 3 months but usually 2-4 weeks
- Often triggered by stressors
- Can have temporary recovery then relapse
- Contagious even without clinical signs
- Vaccine available but not used due to the nature of the disease
- Clinical signs include: anorexia, depression, general weakness, intermittent fever, jaundice, small hemorrhages, swelling of extremities, weight loss
Coggins Testing
- Specialized blood test to detect antibodies for EIA virus
- Required for most performance activities and cross-border transport
Strangles (Streptococcus equi)
- Also called horse distemper
- Upper respiratory disease caused by gram+ bacteria
- Horses can shed bacteria for up to 6 weeks after clinical signs clear or become life-long spreaders
- Spread by direct contact or environmental contamination
- Infects lymph nodes
- Clinical signs: fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes, abscesses
- Vaccine is not super effective
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
- Uncommon but often fatal
- Causes brain inflammation
- Incubation period is 2-3 weeks followed by 2-3 days of clinical signs
- 90% of horses die
- Severe neurological signs
- Confirmed by IgM antibodies to the virus
- Vaccine available (annual booster required)
- Can be zoonotic (spread between humans and animals)
- Mosquito-borne RNA, enveloped virus
Contagious Equine Metritis
- Bacterial infection of the uterus (Taylorella equigenitalis)
- Spread by sexual contact
- Clinical signs ~10 days after breeding.
- Causes abortion and uterine inflammation
- Active infections in mares cleared by antibiotics
- Stallions should be cleaned with 4% chlorhexidine prior to breeding.
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Caused by Sarcocystis neurona
- Spread by opossums, cats, skunks, and raccoons
- Causes severe neurological signs
West Nile Virus
- Mosquito-borne RNA, enveloped virus
- Infects and kills birds
- Causes neurological signs and sometimes fever
- Can be asymptomatic
- Zoonotic, but only causes disease in ~20% of humans
- No treatment, but effective vaccine
Deworming and Antihelminthic Resistance
- Misinformed owners can contribute to resistance by alternating dewormers, deworming too often, and maintaining unhygienic conditions.
- Solution is to perform fecal egg counts, deworm according to parasite present, and maintain a clean environment.
Horse Owner Choices and Limitations
- Horse owners may not view horses as companions or pets
- Horses may not always receive immediate care for illness or injury
- Limitations to care and treatment due to price, misinformation, and lack of value placed on horses.
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of horse management, colic, and common equine injuries. You'll learn about the natural needs of horses, the critical importance of their diet, and how to prevent and treat health issues like colic. Perfect for anyone interested in equine care and management.
