Hormones Regulating Hunger and Satiety
38 Questions
11 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of insulin in the context of appetite regulation?

  • Increasing the sensation of hunger
  • Promoting glycogen and fat synthesis (correct)
  • Stimulating the secretion of neuropeptide Y
  • Inhibiting the secretion of melanocortin

    • Which of the following gut-brain peptides is secreted by adipocytes?

  • Ghrelin
  • PYY
  • Insulin
  • Leptin (correct)

    • What is the effect of ghrelin on neuropeptide Y secretion?

  • Regulates PYY secretion
  • Has no effect
  • Inhibits
  • Stimulates (correct)

    • Which region of the brain has receptors for all five chemical signals described in the text?

    <p>Arcuate nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon of having a weight more than 20% above the recommended norm for one's age, sex, and height?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following peptides has a stimulatory effect on appetite?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Peptide YY (PYY)?

    <p>Signaling satiety and terminating eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by adipocytes throughout the body and informs the brain about the amount of body fat?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

    <p>Stimulating the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between short-term regulators and long-term regulators of appetite?

    <p>Short-term regulators govern caloric intake over minutes to hours, while long-term regulators govern over weeks to years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between leptin levels and body fat stores?

    <p>Leptin levels are directly proportionate to body fat stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely issue in obese individuals with regards to leptin?

    <p>Receptor defect for leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of iron in the body?

    <p>Oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin and myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins?

    <p>Quickly excreted by the kidneys, not stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of sodium?

    <p>1.1 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of elevated salt intake in the body?

    <p>Buildup of water in the body, leading to increased blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized from precursors?

    <p>Niacin, vitamin A, and vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of minerals for humans?

    <p>Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of albumins and other plasma proteins?

    <p>To maintain blood viscosity and osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of protein for a person weighing 150 pounds?

    <p>61.5 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive protein intake in the body?

    <p>Kidney damage and overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following amino acids is essential for human proteins?

    <p>Isoleucine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the percentage of amino acids in a protein that the human body uses?

    <p>Net protein utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a negative nitrogen balance in the body?

    <p>Muscle atrophy and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones promotes protein synthesis and positive nitrogen balance in childhood?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?

    <p>To synthesize ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of body mass constituted by minerals?

    <p>4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamins in the body?

    <p>To facilitate metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of dietary carbohydrates?

    <p>Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of fiber?

    <p>30g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the body's mass is composed of lipids?

    <p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lipoprotein complexes in plasma?

    <p>To transport lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of HDLs in the body?

    <p>To remove excess cholesterol from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high dietary intake on liver cholesterol production?

    <p>It decreases liver cholesterol production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of vigorous exercise on blood cholesterol levels?

    <p>It decreases blood cholesterol levels by 15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peristalsis in the digestive system?

    <p>To stimulate the movement of food through the digestive system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates?

    <p>130g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of daily calorie intake should come from lipids?

    <p>Less than 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Macronutrients and Energy

    • The human body requires energy daily, with an estimated daily energy expenditure of 2000 Cal for males aged 19-30 and 2400-3000 Cal for males and females aged 19-30 (NIH)

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are essential nutrients that cannot be synthesized in the body, including minerals, most vitamins, eight amino acids, and one to three fatty acids
    • A well-nourished adult body has approximately 440g of carbohydrates, with 325g stored as muscle glycogen and 90-100g stored as liver glycogen
    • Sugars function as structural components and serve as a fuel source, with the brain and erythrocytes depending solely on carbohydrates for energy
    • Carbohydrate intake influences metabolism of other nutrients, with fat used as fuel when glucose and glycogen levels are low, and excess carbohydrates converted to fat

    Carbohydrate Requirements

    • The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates is 130g, with the brain consuming approximately 120g of glucose per day
    • Americans consume an average of 60lb of sugar and 46lb of corn syrup per year, with 8 teaspoons of sugar present in a 12oz non-diet soft drink

    Dietary Sources of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are primarily sourced from plants, with common sources including sucrose (table sugar), maltose, lactose, and starch

    Fiber

    • Fiber, which includes cellulose, pectin, gums, and lignins, is important for the diet, with an RDA of 30g/day
    • Soluble fiber, found in oats, beans, peas, brown rice, and fruits, decreases blood cholesterol and LDL levels
    • Insoluble fiber, found in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignins, absorbs water, softens stool, and increases bulk

    Lipids

    • Lipids are an essential component of the diet, providing energy storage and serving as structural components
    • A well-nourished adult meets 80-90% of resting energy needs from fat
    • Lipids are superior to carbohydrates for energy storage due to their compactness and energy density
    • Fat has glucose-sparing and protein-sparing effects when used for energy needs

    Lipid Requirements

    • Lipid intake should be less than 30% of daily calorie intake
    • Saturated fats, found in animal origin, and unsaturated fats, found in plant and seed origin, are two main types of fats
    • Essential fatty acids must be consumed, as they cannot be synthesized by the body

    Cholesterol and Serum Lipoproteins

    • Lipoprotein complexes transport lipids in the plasma, with four main categories: chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
    • LDLs are absorbed by receptor-mediated endocytosis by cells in need of cholesterol for membrane repair or steroid synthesis
    • HDLs remove excess cholesterol from the body, producing an empty, collapsed protein shell

    Protein

    • Protein constitutes 12% to 15% of total body mass
    • Functions of proteins include muscle contraction, motility of cilia and flagella, and structural components of cellular membranes
    • RDA for protein is 44 to 60g/day, with higher intake recommended under conditions of stress, infection, injury, and pregnancy
    • Amino acids are essential for human proteins, with 8 essential amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine) and 12 inessential amino acids synthesized by the body

    Nitrogen Balance

    • Nitrogen balance is the rate of nitrogen ingestion equals rate of nitrogen excretion

    • Positive nitrogen balance occurs in children and pregnant women due to growth, while negative nitrogen balance occurs in states of stress, infection, injury, and inadequacy of protein intake### Mineral Functions and Sources

    • Iron is essential for oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin and myoglobin

    • Chlorine is a component of stomach acid

    • Mineral salts function as electrolytes, governing nerve and muscle cell function, osmotically regulating water content and distribution in the body, and maintaining blood volume

    Mineral Sources

    • Plants are the best source of minerals
    • Vegetables, legumes, milk, eggs, fish, and shellfish are good sources of minerals
    • Animal tissues contain large amounts of salt

    Sodium and Hypertension

    • Recommended daily sodium intake is 1.1 g, but the typical American diet contains 4.5 g/day
    • Elevated salt intake can cause hypertension by increasing blood volume and blood pressure

    Vitamins

    • Most vitamins must be obtained from the diet
    • The body can synthesize some vitamins from precursor compounds (provitamins)

    Vitamin Synthesis

    • Niacin is synthesized from amino acid tryptophan
    • Vitamin A is synthesized from carotene
    • Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol
    • Vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folic acid are produced by bacteria in the large intestine

    Water-Soluble Vitamins

    • Vitamins C and B complex are absorbed with water in the small intestine
    • They are quickly excreted by the kidneys and do not accumulate to excess

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the role of peptide YY and cholecystokinin in regulating hunger and satiety. Learn how these hormones signal when you're full and when to stop eating.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser