Questions and Answers
Define hormone.
Chemical messengers
What does tropic hormone mean?
They 'turn on' endocrine glands or support the functions of other organs
Identify the three classes of hormones based on structure.
Peptide, eicosanoids, steroid
Explain direct gene activation.
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Explain second messenger systems.
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Explain the hypophyseal portal system.
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What is oxytocin?
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What is antidiuretic hormone?
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What is growth hormone?
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What is adrenocorticotropic hormone?
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What is prolactin?
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What is follicle stimulating hormone?
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What is luteinizing hormone?
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What is thyroid stimulating hormone?
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What is melatonin?
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What is glucagon?
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What are thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)?
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What is calcitonin?
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What is parathyroid hormone?
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What is insulin?
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What is aldosterone?
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What are cortisol and corticosterone?
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What is epinephrine?
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What is norepinephrine?
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What is erythropoietin?
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Describe the three regions of the adrenal cortex.
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Describe the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
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What causes Diabetes Mellitus Type I?
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What causes Diabetes Mellitus Type II?
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Identify the three phases of the stress response.
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Study Notes
Hormones and Their Functions
- Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions.
- Tropic hormones activate endocrine glands or enhance the function of other organs.
Classes of Hormones
- Hormones are categorized into three structural classes:
- Peptide hormones
- Eicosanoids
- Steroid hormones
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
- Direct gene activation involves receptors located inside the cell, primarily for steroid and thyroid hormones.
- Second messenger systems utilize receptors on the plasma membrane; examples include cAMP and Ca²⁺ which act as second messengers.
Hypophyseal Portal System
- A unique blood supply connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, facilitating hormone transport.
Key Pituitary Gland Hormones
- Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection from mammary glands.
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Promotes water retention in kidneys, reducing urination.
- Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and reproduction in skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes.
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Triggers hormone release in the adrenal cortex.
- Prolactin: Induces mammary gland development and milk production.
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH):
- Females: Stimulates ovarian follicle growth and estrogen secretion.
- Males: Promotes sperm maturation.
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH):
- Females: Induces ovulation and secretion of estrogen/progesterone.
- Males: Triggers testosterone release.
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones.
Hormones from Other Glands
- Melatonin (Pineal Gland): Regulates circadian rhythms; high levels promote sleep.
- Glucagon (Pancreas): Raises blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen in the liver.
- Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) (Thyroid Gland): Control metabolic rate across nearly all body cells.
- Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland): Decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and reducing absorption in intestines and kidneys.
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (Parathyroid Glands): Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and enhancing intestinal absorption.
- Insulin (Pancreas): Lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and glycogen formation in liver and muscles.
- Aldosterone (Adrenal Glands): Increases sodium (and water) reabsorption in kidneys.
- Cortisol and Corticosterone (Adrenal Glands): Increase glucose formation and glycogen storage; reduce inflammation.
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Adrenal Medulla):
- Both hormones elevate heart rate and blood pressure; energy mobilization during stress (fight or flight response).
- Erythropoietin (Adrenal Glands): Stimulates red blood cell production and protects existing cells.
Adrenal Cortex Regions
- Zona Glomerulosa: Produces mineralocorticoids like aldosterone.
- Zona Fasciculata: Produces glucocorticoids like cortisol.
- Zona Reticularis: Produces androgens, which can convert to estrogen.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type I Diabetes: Caused by inadequate insulin production from pancreatic beta cells.
- Type II Diabetes: Resulting from increased blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance.
Stress Response Phases
- The three phases of stress response include:
- Alarm Phase: Immediate response to stressor.
- Resistance Phase: Adapting to prolonged stress.
- Exhaustion Phase: Depletion of resources, potentially leading to burnout.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various hormones and their roles in the body. This quiz covers the structural classes of hormones, mechanisms of hormone action, and specific hormones produced by the pituitary gland. Challenge yourself to understand how these chemical messengers affect our health and bodily functions.